Evidence Darwin Had for Evolution

Imagine being the first person to discover and put together the pieces of an idea so big that it would change the entire spectrum of science forever. In this day and age with all of the technology available and all kinds of information right at our fingertips, this may not seem to be such a daunting task. What would it have been like back in a time where this previous knowledge that we take for granted had not yet been discovered and the equipment that is now commonplace in labs had not yet been invented? Even if you are able to discover something new, how do you publish this new and outlandish idea and then get scientists all over the world to buy into the hypothesis and help strengthen it? This is the world that Charles Darwin had to work in as he pieced together his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. There are many ideas that now seem like common sense to scientists and students that were unknown during his time. Yet, he still managed to use what was available to him to come up with such a profound and fundamental concept. So what exactly did Darwin know when he was coming up with the Theory of Evolution? 1.  Observational Data Obviously, Charles Darwins most influential piece of his Theory of Evolution puzzle is the strength of his own personal observational data. Most of this data came from his long voyage on the HMS Beagle to South America. Particularly, their stop at the Galapagos Islands proved to be a gold mine of information for Darwin in his collection of data on evolution. It was there that he studied the finches indigenous to the islands and how they differed from the South American mainland finches. Through drawings, dissections, and preserving specimens from stops along his voyage, Darwin was able to support his ideas that he had been forming about natural selection and evolution. Charles Darwin published several about his voyage and the information he collected. These all became important as he further pieced together his Theory of Evolution. 2.  Collaborators Data Whats even better than having data to back up your hypothesis? Having someone elses data to back up your hypothesis. That was another thing that Darwin knew as he was creating the Theory of Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace had come up with the same ideas as Darwin as he traveled to Indonesia. They got in contact and collaborated on the project. In fact, the first public declaration of the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection came as a joint presentation by Darwin and Wallace at the Linnaean Society of Londons annual meeting. With double the data from different parts of the world, the hypothesis seemed even stronger and more believable. In fact, without Wallaces original data, Darwin may never have been able to write and publish his most famous book On the Origin of Speices which outlined Darwins Theory of Evolution and the idea of Natural Selection. 3.  Previous Ideas The idea that species change over a period of time was not a brand new idea that came from Charles Darwins work. In fact, there were several scientists that came before Darwin that had hypothesized the exact same thing. However, none of them were taken as seriously because they did not have the data or know the mechanism for how species change over time. They only knew that it made sense from what they could observe and see in similar species. One such early scientist was actually the one that influenced Darwin the most. It was his own grandfather Erasmus Darwin. A doctor by trade, Erasmus Darwin was fascinated by nature and the animal and plant worlds. He instilled a love of nature in his grandson Charles who later recalled his grandfathers insistence that species were not static and in fact did change as time passed. 4.  Anatomical Evidence Almost all of Charles Darwins data was based on anatomical evidence of various species. For instance, with Darwins finches, he noticed the beak size and shape was indicative of what kind of food the finches ate. Identical in every other way, the birds were clearly closely related but had the anatomical differences in their beaks that made them different species. These physical changes were necessary for the survival of the finches. Darwin noticed the birds that did not have the right adaptations often died before they were able to reproduce. This led him to the idea of natural selection. Darwin also had access to the fossil record. While there were not as many fossils that had been discovered in that time as we have now, there was still plenty for Darwin to study and ponder over. The fossil record was able to clearly show how a species would change from an ancient form to a modern form through an accumulation of physical adaptations. 5.  Artificial Selection The one thing that escaped Charles Darwin was an explanation for how the adaptations happened. He knew that natural selection would decide if an adaptation was advantageous or not in the long run, but he was unsure of how those adaptations occurred in the first place. However, he did know that offspring inherited characteristics from their parents. He also knew that offspring were similar but still different than either parent. To help explain adaptations, Darwin turned to artificial selection as a way to experiment with his ideas of heredity. After he returned from his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin went to work breeding pigeons. Using artificial selection, he chose which traits he wanted the baby pigeons to express and bred the parents that showed those traits. He was able to show that artificially selected offspring showed desired traits more often than the general population. He used this information to explain how natural selection worked.

Approaches to Reading and Literary Texts in Teaching...

Table of contents Introduction 3 1. The concepts of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence. 4 1.1. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence. 4 1.2. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension, literary competence and literature in teaching English as a foreign language. 6 2. Past approaches until the second half of the 20th century. 7 2.1. Analysis of the past methods with reading and literature in view. 8 2.2. The shift in the attitude towards reading and literary texts in teaching English as a foreign language. 11 3. Modern approaches – introduction to Communicative Language Teaching. 12 3.1. CLT analysis in the context of reading,†¦show more content†¦Comprehension is a â€Å"construction process† because it involves all of the elements of the reading process working together as a text is read to create a representation of the text in the reader’s mind ( ¶1). Finally, literary competence is defined by Brumfit and Carter (1996) as follows: Literary education is seen by many as the inculcation in students of the kind of sensitivity to literature which allows discrimination of the ‘good’ from the ‘bad’. When we have achieved defined capacities of judgment, then we have acquired a literary competence†¦ (p. 16). 1.1. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence. In the era of television, the Internet and computer games, the role of literature as a source of entertainment is rapidly declining. One has to admit that watching television or surfing the Internet is easier for a tired mind that to read a book or a magazine which requires some attention, imagination and preferably reflection. However, the decline has not solely been the result of the accessibility of the afore-mentioned media, it has been caused by the general lack of awareness about the importance of literacy, reading comprehension and subsequently lack of literary competence among ordinary people. The statistics are alarming. As CAF (Campaign for America’s Future) reports there are 774 million people illiterate in the world due to such factors as wars, poverty or discrimination. It isShow MoreRelatedTeaching English Through Poetry to Adolescents3302 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION Today, teaching English language assumes many different shapes. Teaching methods vary from teacher to teacher. However, we can find one common feature these methods do share. They all are tinged with communicative competence objectives. Using poetry in the classroom may undoubtedly add to a broad spectrum of classroom activities that communicative approach offers. Poetry being a part of literature offers tremendous potential for ESL/EFL linguistically, culturally and aestheticallyRead MoreGrammar-Translation Method, Audio-Lingual Method and Direct Method1724 Words   |  7 PagesThree of the earliest teaching methods were the Grammar-Translation Method, the Direct Method, and the Audio-lingual Method. Discuss these three methods. Also, explain their shortcomings which led to more current approaches in the teaching of grammar to L2 speakers. 1. i) Grammar Translation Method (GTM): Grammar-translation method is the extension of the Classical method which began in Germany (Prussia) in the late 18th century. It was then become popular in the early 19th century. It is oneRead More Classical Approaches to Teaching English as a Second Language1599 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the last hundred years, English has become the most important language in the world. In the contemporary age, learning any foreign tongue has become both fashionable and necessary. 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Thomas Grand Canyon University UNV 530 July 18, 2012 Running Head: Issues Regarding English as a Second Action Research Proposal 2 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Page Problem StatementRead MoreThe Importance of Teaching Culture in the Foreign Language Classroom9379 Words   |  38 PagesThe Importance Of Teaching Culture In The Foreign Language Classroom Radical Pedagogy (2001) ISSN: 1524-6345 The Importance Of Teaching Culture In The Foreign Language Classroom Language And Culture: What IS Culture And Why Should IT BE Taught? In this section, we will briefly examine the relationship between language and culture and see why the teaching of culture should constitute an integral part of the English language curriculum. 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Socrates’ death Free Essays

To begin with, we need to introduce Socrates. Socrates was and still regarded as one of the most influential philosophers. Socrates throughout his life showed a deep understanding of the human life, as well as an understanding of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates’ death or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is considered one of the most important ethical philosophers of all time. Nothing much is known about his personal life, but his works were well preserved which revealed a lot about him as a great man. Socrates was sentenced to death and was put into prison because he disobeyed the roman god, and claimed to be led by a mysterious power. He was accused with offences against public morality. After his sentence was released a lot of his friends and jury expected him to refuse the sentence, but for their surprise, he did not say anything and he accepted the sentence readily. Many of his friends urged him to escape the prison, but he refused saying that the state should be obeyed. He stayed in prison for 30 days because at the time of his sentence romans had a sacred time in which they did not kill anybody. During that time, many of his friends came to him and urged him to leave the prison, but he refused. One of the most important visits by his friends was Crito’s visit. Crito visited him the last day before his sentence, and they argued about whether Socrates should escape or not. In his argument, Crito used a teleological approach. He presented Socrates with the consequences of him staying in jail. On the other hand, Socrates replied to him using deontological approach, defending his point of view using valid reasons. First Crito presented Socrates with the argument that people will say that Socrates did not choose to stay in prison; it must be his friends that did not talk to him. By this, he is saying if you don’t escape people will talk badly about your friends. By this argument, Crito shows a large interest in public opinion, and a large care about his reputation. This represents a teleological approach, because he is stating facts and consequences of Socrates staying in prison. When Socrates heard this, he immediately refuted this argument. He told Crito that he should not care about the majority’s opinion. Socrates gave the example of a trainer and a student. He says that when the student does something, everybody around him will talk about the thing, but he doesn’t listen to anybody but the trainer. Then he tells Crito that he should do the same thing because â€Å"the general public† is not qualified to judge anybody. It is the responsibility of a qualified person to give judgment for actions taken by others. This argument represents a deontological approach, because he is talking about a purpose. He is not listing facts and consequences; he is just saying that all matters of justice and injustice should be handled that way because it is the right way. According to Socrates justice and truth work together. He gave an argument saying that the state is the one that bough him to life, and is the one who could end his life. He made a comparison between the state and parents. He said that the state in a sense is like a parent, who always wants the best for his son. This is a deontological approach because he did not say anything about a consequence he just listed his belief and his point of view on the subject. To add, Socrates mentioned another point, which is that by disobeying the state you are breaking a commitment and by breaking the commitment you are doing wrong. This also is a deontological approach of the issue because he is stating a point of view without mentioning any facts or evidence about it. He is just pointing out a personal point of view. He is basing his argument on his perception of right and wrong, without any reference to factual evidence. He said that by disobeying the state and going out of prison without an official charge he would be unfair and unjust to the people of Athens. He says that by escaping, he breaks the law and the law is found for everybody and is fair with everybody, so if he breaks it this justice will break down. This is another deontological approach because he is supporting his point of view using his own perceptions of right and wrong. He does not backup his argument with consequences or related factual evidence. In addition to the deontological approach, Socrates used the teleological approach in addressing some of the issues with him escaping prison. In his argument with Crito about leaving the prison because of his kids, Crito said that if he stays in the prison his children will be orphaned and will have nobody to take care of them and educate them. He used the teleological approach here because he mentioned a consequence of him staying in the prison. Socrates replied to that by saying that by escaping, he would break the law. By breaking the law Socrates would be labeled as an outlaw. Being an outlaw would not allow him to raise his children, because he will be running away from the government the whole time. Not having time for his children will let strangers raise them. While if he stays in prison and dies the state will take care of his children. This shows a teleological approach because Socrates is mentioning a consequence of him running out of prison. He says that if he escapes, he would not be able to live life the same way he was used to living it. In my opinion, Socrates’ argument is better and more concrete because he didn’t just apply the argument to this particular situation. He expanded the analogy to involve every situation that involves a case like his. His analogies could be expanded to any situation involving justice and injustice. In addition, Socrates’ arguments represent real moral values. While in Crito’s arguments, we could see that he is only concerned about himself and his reputation. In addition, they could be only applied to this situation not any other situation. His arguments do not have any real ethical or moral values because he is concerned only about himself. To sum up Socrates’ arguments care about the well-being of every human being, while Crito’s only care about the well-being of himself How to cite Socrates’ death, Essay examples

CHSY is a medical devices comp... free essay sample

CHSY is a medical devices company based in Munich. The company is privately owned, and products are sold into the pathology labs. Examples from CHSY will be used throughout the assignment for teamwork in a sales environment. Teamwork can be a very rewarding method to efficiently achieve tasks. A feeling of euphoria and power can descend on a team of people to share similar values and ideas and striving towards the same objectives. The team can work in a collaborative nature to complete projects and share problems. Teamwork can increase productivity, enhance the quality of work, reduce cost and time. Teamwork can also create a positive working environment and increase goodwill amongst employees. However, by the very nature of sales this can naturally be a very competitive environment. Sales in the past has historically been a one-man band strategy, fighting for business. Today, companies are taking a more dynamic approach and adopting a more holistic view of the sales process. Not all sales people can value this, and by the nature of the profession, teamwork may not be readily accepted. Sales people can be suspicious, and selfish in sharing ideas. Teamwork can also raise the awareness of the competency levels of some employees and some employees are happy for the determined employees to carry the load of teamwork. Teamwork is also heavily driven by the managers and the employees and the willingness of these two parties to be involved and create a successful environment.Culture is incredibly important in any organisation and a strong culture can ultimately achieve high performance and long-term employee retention. Clear communication of culture in the company can contribute to how the employee performs the tasks to achieve overall project objectives. When organisations do not transmit the culture very well, this can lead to disastrous consequences. Many employees have decreased job satisfaction and as a result leave contributing to high employee turnover. Culture is not something that is achieved in one day, this is embedded from the first day and conveyed over multiple periods. Employees learn from experiences and put this into working practice and other employees learn from this. Recruitment of new employees is often difficult, and many will conform to what the existing culture is to refrain from being seen as a troublemaker. The culture in CHSY is one of bullying and fear. All instructions and day-to-day decisions are made by the managers of the company. The managers operate a micro-management system, where customer meetings, expenses and monitoring of employees is all performed. A recent employee in CHSY had to have emergency unexpected surgery. This sadly resulted in time-off from the company. The employee was new to the organisation and did not understand the culture. Unfortunately, the time taken to recover was not seen as favourable by the managers of the company. This led to the impression that the employee was not dedicated to CHSY.Edward Schein postulates that there are three levels to the culture of an organisation as shown in Figure 1: Iceberg model depicting culture (Source: Padma Sekhar Leadership Assignment 12/17) Artefacts are objects that can be viewed easily. In CHSY, the dress code is conservative, employee behaviour is sedentary; and the layout of the office space is all controlled and dictated by the managers of the company. The managers make the decisions, and the employees carry out their duties, and never question anything. Despite having evidence and data to suggest that operating another way can result in greater revenue and efficiency for the business. Deadlines are given, and the managers tolerate a zero policy for no excuses. Its not clear to employees, particularly the foreigners whats expected in terms of the culture. The managers never filter this to all the employees, as they believe this is something that employees should decipher for themselves. However, to work as a team and achieve company ambitions it is important to understand this and subsequently deliver the results. The assumed values, is perhaps one of the hardest facet to measure in CHSY. The values are so embedded and unspoken in the organisation, many long-term employees who have been with the business for a long time, no longer question this and perform their jobs. CHSY employ an international sales team, and many employees, particularly new recruits do not understand what the owners expectations are. A British employee suffered a bereavement after being employed in the company for one year. Not realising the culture in the company, the employee was signed off from work to grieve during this period. The employee was away from work for four weeks. In CHSY, many employees take annual leave to attend the funeral and return to work. This is the culture of the company and the managers of the company did not understand why the British employee took this leave. The British employee was unfortunately made to feel very bad after returning to work, and as a result left the company to join another organisation. CHSY decided to restructure the sales team to remove the distributors in the respective countries and direct account managers to develop greater relationships with the customers. The new sales team were asked to attend a meeting to discuss sales targets and work together to formulate ideas on how to promote products and win business and market share. An initial meeting prior to the official sales meeting, wouldve allowed everyone to become acquainted with one another and learn to listen to each other. Figure 2: Tuckman and Jensen revised small group development (Source: Bonebright, 2009) The revised Tuckman model is shown in Figure 2. However, as CHSY operate a culture where the managers of the company do not w ant their employees to have innovative ideas. The sales targets are decided before the meeting takes place. This exercise of working as a team and generating ideas has very little credence. The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum is another theory that mandates how much freedom the manager chooses to offer to the employees. To foster a culture of creativity and innovation will engage employees and help the organisation. The employees subsequently become demotivated and despondent and never take teambuilding exercises seriously.Although still relevant, there are several limitations to the team building development model proposed by Tuckman. Studies need to be performed regarding where the team building exercise occurs, and study different sectors. The Tuckman model has largely been derived from literature reviews. Once the team building exercise has completed, what happens? Teams and people develop and change through the course of their employment. Whats the suggested time-frame between the stages of the Tuckman model? It depends on the team, and suggested task. Also, the objective of the teams coming together, does the topic of the task hinder or progress team building? Its also difficult to study team building depending on male versus female teams and the distribution of gender in these studies. Douglas McGregor developed theory X and Y about employee motivation and management styles. The management style at CHSY is very much driven by theory X. The managers of the company do not trust the employees and as result monitors and collects data on everything. The managers believe that the employees are unmotivated, lazy, and have no ambition or drive to perform the tasks. This is particularly true of the field-based account managers. The field-based account managers work from home and in their respective home countries. Every week a report is sent to the managers and details of the activities for the week are included. The meeting report is logged into the CRM and matched against the expenses report completed by the account managers.The managers have contacted customers by email or phone, and used the excuse sorry, I couldnt join you for the meeting with respective account manager. Its a very non-aggressive method to check on the employees. There is also a Skype online program, and when account managers are working from home, must log in. This maintains the impression that the account manager is working. However, no details of emails or calls are asked to be provided. This does not mean the employee is necessarily working/not working because they are connected online. Its not entirely clear why employees continue to work in this environment. The fear of leaving whats familiar and moving to a new team in another company? Certain employees have worked at CHSY since the company started, and so believe that this is the way that teams operate in organisations.Theory Y managers are very engaging with their employees and employees in turn feel happier to work in this environment. The theory Z style of management by William Ouchi is driven by high loyalty and Japanese culture. The managers truly invest in their employees and are concerned with their well-being and employment security. However, no isolated theory is perfect in this management approach. An amalgamation of all management theories can be used to bring the best out of the employee and for the beneficial needs of the organisation. No single employee is the same, and all driven by different habits, behaviours and motivational factors. Although, a consistent approach to treating employees in the same manner has some merits, different employees are driven by different motivational influences. For a given task to be completed, what makes this employee committed to achieving the final result? Maslows hierarchy needs theory can help CHSY to understand their employees better. Maslow has characterised human needs into five basic groups, which are physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation shown in Figure 3.Figure 3: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs visualised as a pyramid (Source: Harrington and Lamport, 2015). The theory is typically depicted as a pyramid, and the lower need must be satisfied first in order for the employee to move to the next level. Generally, in any sales environment, the physiological need is driven by salaries and the commission. The more the sales people sell, the higher the earning power. CHSY can implement a European commission structure, so not only does the employee receive commission when the individual goal is achieved, but also when the European target is met. Employee safety is paramount in any organisation, and when travelling to customer sites and performing product demonstrations. Managers must disclose every aspect of the job, particularly if equipment is involved. Many employees will question the safety aspect, and managers must provide this information. No employee should fear what they do in their job and must be safe. CHSY operates a culture of fear, and employees generally complete the tasks without questions. Although the goal of the company has been met, and the employee has performed the tasks through fear, if a fatality was to occur this will not look good for the organisation. CHSY never thank their employees for their hard work and goals achieved. Many employees feel undervalued and often wonder why they achieved the tasks in the first instance. CHSY also does not value career progression, training and team spirit. Many sales people have joined the organisation, and as a result have left the business because they can benefit from these things in other organisations. In the period of three months, five sales people left the business, and the whole European team was left feeling very despondent, and fearful as to why this was happening. Although Maslows theory is very useful, in practice, it is very difficult to measure the satisfaction level in each tier. Also, the timeframes required to more to different levels. Different cultures and sectors need to be explored and the model fails to account for spiritual needs. Also, employees can multi-task and work on more than one need at a time. Goal setting is a fantastic way of getting people to work together and achieve a common task. Employees can often feel empowered when challenging, specific and realistic goals are presented to them. Managers can use goal setting to enhance employee motivation and monitor their performance. Goals can also be used to measure the performance of the employee and feedback suggestions can be directed to the employee and a performance plan can be implemented. Figure 4: Conceptual model linking goal and goal-setting attributes to workplace unethical behaviours Goals for many employees are a way of increasing their salary, receiving a higher bonus, or even career progression. However, goals can also lead to undesirable and unethical behaviour as shown in Figure 4. At CHSY, certain performance measures were implemented regarding sales visits and number of meetings that the sales people must perform. CHSY is selling clinical diagnostic products, as a result, the conversation that the sales people should have is always consultative and contributing to relationship building with the customers. This forced the sales people to often behave in an unethical manner regarding the customer visits. Employees were often given warning in this situation as the managers felt the employees were not working hard enough or contributing to the team. The sales people will often invent numbers for the sake of fulfilling an objective. The sales visits with customers must always have a purpose and an opportunity must arise from the discussions. These subsequent opportunities are then used to derive a monetary value for the order. However, as the sales people were often scared, this unethical behaviour will result in forecasting for the business that is not necessarily reflective of true business. The customer meetings are also arranged in advance and respect is always given to the client for their schedule and time. However, as these numbers had to be achieved, many sales people will often just arrive at the customer site. This will be at the detriment of the sales person, and the company itself. Many customers complained directly to the managers of the company, and the sales person was often on a warning. Managers at CHSY should listen to the sales people and understand what is feasible for a given week. As the European team has to work together, this creates a very selfish environment. When one sales person develops a bad reputation, unfortunately, this spoils the reputation for everyone in the team and the company. The ramifications for these unrealistic expectations are often resulting in huge consequences for the business. Etzioni postulated two types of power dynamics, position and persona. This was enhanced by French and Raven in 1959, and employees obey orders from those in authority positions. In contrast, many people want to feel valued and through this power is generated. Power in many ways is very subjective and difficult to quantify. People that have power may not want this or may not understand what to do with it. People that possess the power, may use this to influence employees, sometimes, in a positive or negative manner and can manipulate individuals to obtain what they desire. Power can be classified into five categories, coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent power. CHSY very much operates through coercive power. Employees in the organisation are so fearful they may lose their jobs or be demoted they often submit and perform the task or agree, even in situations when they know that this should be questioned. A situation arose with one account manager who did not agree with the company target for the territory. As a result, refused to sign the agreement regarding the target. The managers of the company refused to pay the bonus for the sales, even though the customers were buying. After three months of no payment for the bonus, the account manager eventually signed the contract. By way of demonstrating that challenging the managers will not be tolerated, the money owed to the account manager was never paid. This target, if not realistic, can make a difference to the bonus payment. The managers perhaps did this as a way of not wanting to pay employees more than they should be. Another power dynamic can be expert power. In CHSY they employee an R;D director to oversee the clinical projects and ensure guidelines and methods are adhered to. During the sales meeting, the sales people will commonly talk about trends and changes in the market place. Not only does this have an impact on the territory, this can also affect the team and the company. Data and market research will be done, to provide evidence and sustain the credibility of these market changes. However, as the R;D director is very influential and knowledgeable, this person influences the manager of the company. Ultimately, the managers can override the directors decision if they feel the person is wrong. Projects and new clinical products can be easily disregarded due to the directors opinion. This is very unfortunate for the sales people in question, as we have an ambitious target to achieve, we try to see large business potential and increase the sales and work as a team. The managers of the company and the directors often dont want to do this, as its seen as too much hard work. Its quite often as attitude, of sell what we currently have in the product portfolio. In conclusion, various examples from employment in a previous organisation have been used to access the advantages and disadvantages of teamwork. This will all depend on the organisation in question, the ethics of the people in power as well as the employees themselves. There are multiple hidden dynamics and feelings that are at play when people work in teams. On the whole, if teamwork is applied appropriately, can be very fruitful for the organisation and the employees themselves. Employees can learn to listen to one another and can develop themselves and learn from other individuals in the team. Leveraging on different strengths of weaknesses of employees is key to achieving a common objective. Although the examples used are from the scientific sector, the examples in the assignment are not true of all professional organisations and job descriptions. Team dynamics can vary depending on the various ages of the employees, male versus female numbers in a team and the team itself.

In Support Of Human Cloning Essays - Cloning, Human Cloning, Dolly

In Support Of Human Cloning Human cloning is inevitable. As part of the progress of science, human cloning will take place regardless of who opposes it. In this paper I will explain what human cloning is, some of the ethical and moral objections to it, some medical benefits it could serve, what many different religions think of cloning humans, and ultimately why I feel that this would be beneficial to our society. In order to understand the objections and the potential of human cloning, one must know exactly it is and how it is done. In order to clone a living being (animal or human), scientists begin with an egg (ovum) of an adult female. Women generally produce only one each month but can be chemically stimulated to produce more. Researchers remove the DNA-containing nucleus from the egg. Cells from the subject to be cloned are obtained by various methods including a scraping the inside of the cheek, and the DNA-containing nucleus is removed from one of these. Next the adult-cell nucleus is inserted into the egg with a sophisticated nuclear transfer, and the egg is stimulated (electrically or chemically) to trick it into dividing just like an embryo. When the embryo reaches the appropriate stage, you implant it into the uterus of the woman who will give birth to it. After gestation, the clone is born in the normal way (Eibert, par. 2-5). The child that is born as a result of cloning would be nearly genetically identical (the egg holds some mitochondrial DNA that may potentially alter the new DNA slightly) to the subject cloned. The clone should look similar to the adult it was cloned from, but that's where the similarities would end. The clone would have a completely different set of life experiences. It would be raised by different parents, grow up in a different era and different location, and have different circumstances happen to it along the way. It wouldn't be the same person it was cloned from; it would be its own unique individual who just happened to have the same DNA. The characteristics of a person (physical as well as social) are activated by random choices on the DNA. A person has twenty-three chromosomes from his or her mother and twenty-three from the father. Whether or not a person has blue eyes is a random pick from the two sets of chromosomes. Identical twins are also quite different from each other : their fingerprints are different, sometimes one twin will be obese and one not, and sometimes one is gay and one is not. It is these random activations that we can't control, and these random activations may be different in a clone than they were in the original person.(Eibert, par. 40). So what is society so afraid of? Why is the subject of human cloning almost taboo? I think the majority of the population envisions cloning as some sort of mass-market where one can order a baby or create millions of identical people. This was the same sort of fear that in-vitro fertilization (IVF, test-tube babies) created when it was started in the 1970's, and, in theory, this couldn't be more wrong. One of the main problems that most people have with cloning of humans is they believe that in an attempt to create another person there will be many unsuccessful attempts. There is a fear that in forming embryos there will be many that are deformed, destroyed, or otherwise experimented on for scientific gain. Marc Zabludoff writes in ?Fear and longing? that ?to get one successful birth, many babies would have to die in failed procedures ? an absolutely unacceptable practice? (6) It has been widely publicized that in creating Dolly, the cloned sheep, it took 277 tries. This isn't quite true. What it took to clone Dolly was 277 eggs with a fused nucleus. Only 27 of them divided past the 2-cell stage. Only 13 of these formed embryos and were implanted into a sheep uterus; of these 13, only 1, Dolly, was born. It wasn't that any of the sheep embryos were deformed or manipulated, the adult sheep simply failed to conceive, much like an unsuccessful test-tube conception (Eibert, par. 12). So this fear of deformed

Colonial north carolina essays

Colonial north carolina essays This three-page graduate paper examines and analyzes the colonial history of North Carolina and provides a commentary on the colonial records of the colony. The author notes that North Carolinas colonial records provide a fascinating primary source for scholars and students interested in studying the early history of North Carolina. These records reveal in much greater detail than most sources the social, political, religious, and economic events that shaped North Carolina history, and shed much needed light on North Carolinas long colonial era. As has been the case in almost every geographic region settled by different groups of people traveling from distant lands in search of freedom and opportunity, the early colonial settlers of North Carolina struggled with issues of government, taxation, and religion. Colonial records reveal that opinions among them varied as to what religious beliefs were correct, what form of worship should be practiced, and what kind of government would be the most conducive to promoting the social, religious, economic, and political welfare of the colonists. From perusing North Carolinas colonial records, I noted with interest that in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazonoa became the first European to explore North Carolina, but my greatest interest was in the first effort made by the English to establish a colony in Roanoke. One hundred sixteen men, women, and children settled on Roanoke Island, but within three years they had vanished, leaving only a clue in the form of the word Croatoan carved into a tree. Solving the Roanoke mystery is beyond the scope of this paper, but researching the North Carolina Colonial Records is the best course to pursue for those interested in examining the sequence of events that led to this tragedy. While Roanoke remains a mystery, it can be established ...

Homeless Women Bettering Themselves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Homeless Women Bettering Themselves - Essay Example However, the silver lining on the cloud is that the homeless women are not averse to leading a settled life as is usually thought of them and many of them do evince the potential to better their life and circumstances, if they get a chance to do so. Plight of Homeless Women The life of the homeless women certainly tends to be utterly tough and loaded with insecurity. For homeless women tend to be quiet a vulnerable segment of the society and the anti-social elements like criminals, rapists, muggers, drug pushers and pimps do find it easier to take advantage of the homeless women, simply owing to their augmented vulnerability (Wenzel, 2006). However, the thing that needs to be considered is that the homeless women do not prefer to remain vulnerable by choice, at least not all of them. There exist sufficient examples of homeless women who managed to make something of themselves, once they were given a chance to do so (Wenzel, 2006). The media stories almost on a regular basis do celebr ate the ingenuity and initiative of the homeless women who took a step forward and bettered their lives. Homeless Women- Success Stories For instance, Kayla Kinker from Covington happened to be a homeless woman. The good thing about Kayla was that she had panache for education, irrespective of being homeless. Certainly life was tough for Kayla, shifting across unstable habitations and doing without the basic utilities and civic amenities (The River City News, 2013). She even did not know as to when she will come across her next meal. However, things changed for Kayla as she moved to a shelter for the homeless that facilitated her with a more stable and comfortable living environment (The River City News, 2013). It was then that Kayla was required to decide as to whether she should continue with her education or should withdraw to work full time to help her family (The River City News, 2013). Luckily Kayla took the initiative and decided that she would be of much use to her family an d the community if she continues with her education. Consequently Kayla managed to graduate from High School with honors and after finishing her degree from Berea College, is on her way to becoming a physician (The River City News, 2013). Yet, Kayla, irrespective of being homeless, not only managed to help herself, but her goal is to start a community health center, so as to payback the community that helped her in her time of need (The River City News, 2013). Yet, Kayla does not happen to be the only successful homeless women around. Equally amazing is the experience and the story of AnnMarie Walsh, who managed to accrue thousands of followers on Twitter by simply sharing her story of homelessness (Torres, 2012). AnnMarie became homeless after she ended up with a divorce and lost her job (Torres, 2012). The sad thing is that AnnMarie also suffered from some other mental and health issues (Torres, 2012). Being alone and homeless on the Chicago roads, AnnMarie turned to Twitter for s eeking solace and comfort. And the Twitter initiative taken by AnnMarie Walsh accrued to this 41 year old homeless woman almost 4,800 regular followers to whom she twitted her experience of being homeless and the problems faced by her on a regular basis (Torres, 2012). To do so, AnnMarie uses the computer facilities at

The Role of NGOs in Human Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of NGOs in Human Security - Essay Example NGO’s work towards various goals and some become defined with their role or field of work (Tadjbakhsh & Chen, 2007). Examples of fields represented by NGO’s include; human rights attainment, environmental sustainment and or improvement of social welfare of individuals within a disadvantaged community. There are different kinds of NGO’s but most NGO’s deal with improving of the quality of life and transforming the society (Thomas, 2007). NGO’s have become synonymous with provision of health care, human rights advocacy, education and economic opportunities to societies. Different NGO’s get involved with different activities, which aim at empowering human life. As NGO’S carry on their work, they in the process play a vital role in enhancing human security (Abbas, 2010). This paper shall seek to explore and explain the various ways through which NGO’s achieve human security in the globe. NGO’s and human rights Various NGOâ₠¬â„¢s such as Amnesty international have always worked for the advocacy of human rights (Matthews, 2011). Human rights NGO’s work towards ensuring that every human being gets equally treated (Welch, 2001). Such NGO’s champion for the rights of minority groups that may get sidelined by their societies or communities. NGO’s partner with various sectors to ensure that the basic rights of individuals get observed. Through their work in human rights advocacy, NGO’s help to enhance the concept of human security. NGO’s mostly advocate for minority groups such as women, AIDS victims and children. Advocacy for human rights by NGO’s helps in providing political, personal and community security to individuals which encompasses human security. NGO’s such as Amnesty international help to incriminate and provide evidence against perpetrators’ of violence against human lives and thus enhance human security. NGO’s and human development A number of NGO’s such as OXFAM Care international and Save the children have worked tirelessly to enhance human development through sectors such as health, education, nutrition and economic platforms. Such NGO’s have worked at providing economic activities for individuals within societies to improve their economic security. In emergency situations such as drought, cyclones, floods, earthquakes, wars; these NGO’s have also provided food to the victims. This has assisted to improve food security in certain regions of the globe (Clay, 2000). NGO’s help to develop projects that are focused at improving the welfare of society members. Projects such as the provision of health services, access to clean water and improved sanitation helps to secure the health of human beings (Brauch, Behra & Mbote, 2009). Some NGO’s also focus on providing educational materials and resources to different human societies. There are NGO’s such as Greenpeace which get committed to conserving and protecting the environment. Such environmental NGO’s advocate for issues on pollution and or global warming (Dodds & Pippard, 2012). In providing environmental, health and food security, NGO’s help to enhance human security. How NGO’s work towards enhancing human security NGO’s get well placed to enhance human security through their undertaking of developmental processes in their respective societies (Shamina and Porter, 2006). NGO’s have become well placed to provide services in many countries around the globe. Infrastructure and expertise

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay Example Merger usually takes place when two companies join together as one company and both companies cease to exist as separate entities and a new entity is formed as a result. The example of DaimlerChrysler is most suitable here because this new business concern was formed by the merger of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler. It is also believed that mergers take place among or between equals. Practically however, the two or more companies are not always on equal grounds. Some times the companies undergoing a deal call the association as merger while in actuality it is an acquisition. The deal is a merger or an acquisition also depends on the circumstances. Friendly or hostile nature of the deal also becomes important. Irrespective of its nature the business deals of this kind greatly affect the board of directors, employees and shareholders. Apart from the distinction of mergers there also exist different forms of mergers. For example horizontal merger is one when companies sharing sharethe same product lines and markets join hands. When supplier and company merge it is termed vertical merger. Conglomeration happens when companies having different businesses come together. There re different reason given for the mergers and acquisition among companies but three hypotheses are very well known practically as well as theoretically. The synergy hypothesis, hubris hypothesis and managerialism hypothesis have been studied and different observations made regarding them. "The synergy hypothesis proposes that acquisitions take place when the value of the combined firm is greater than the sum of the values of the individual firms. Managers are assumed to be motivated by shareholders' interests to create economic value, and to have the ability to judge accurately the value potential of the combined firm. Other explanations do not assume value-maximizing behavior on the part of managers. The managerialism hypothesis suggests that managers embark on acquisitions to maximize their own utility at the expense of the shareholders of the firm. The hubris hypothesis suggests that bidding firm managers make mistakes in evaluating target firms, but undertake acquisitions presuming that their valuations are correct" (Pettit, Seth & Song, 2000). Synergy Hypothesis Two companies joined together may create the effect of three not two is the reason why most companies choose the path of mergers & acquisitions. The synergy is considered one of the main reasons. By mergers and acquisitions the companies seek to create more value for the shareholders. Synergy gets many benefits for the engaging companies. Most important benefits come in the form of revenue augmentation and cost savings. Due to staff reductions the company gets to save a lot. Especially, when one of the two CEO leaves the company with other employees they also forgo their expensive compensation packages causing huge reduction in costs. Economies of scales can be achieved by two companies together than separately. Relationship with suppliers also improves when stronger and larger groups negotiate. When placing orders for the company management can have a stronger position and as result could get better bargain. Some companies achieve an edge in a particular area by acquiring or merging another company. For example a small company having an edge in IT or any other scope of

Factors Contributing to Cultural Identity

Factors Contributing to Cultural Identity Cultural identity is assumed to be multidimensional and multifaceted due to cultural diversity and globalization. The concept of cultural identity is relational and constantly evolving. However, it can also be ambiguous, fragmented, paradoxical, and problematic. In resolving these challenges, immigrants undergo self and cultural identity transformation in order to achieve understanding, harmony, and balance within themselves, their environment, and their connection with others . It is necessary to address the definition of culture before discussing cultural identity. Nieto states that culture consists of an ever-changing system of values, traditions, social and political relationships, and world views created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors that can include shared history, geographic location, language, social class, and/or religion, and how these are transformed by those who share them. In everyday social situations, we use culture to express and give meaning to our identity, which in turn is used to construct affiliations with and boundaries between other individuals and groups . Many historians provided different definitions of cultural identity; some important definitions are given here: According to Lustig and Koester, cultural identity is a sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It is formed in a process that results from membership in a particular culture, and it involves learning about and accepting the traditions, heritage, language, religion, ancestry, aesthetics, thinking, patterns, and social structures of culture . Stuart Hall gave two different ways of thinking about cultural identity: the first in terms of one, shared culture, a sort of collective one true self, hiding inside the many other, more superficial or artificially imposed selves, which people with a shared history and ancestry hold in common. Cultural identity, in the second sense, is a matter of becoming as well as of being. It belongs to the future as much as to the past. It is not something which already exists, transcending place, time, history and culture. Cult ural identities come from somewhere, have histories. However, like everything which is historical, they undergo constant transformation. Far from being eternally fixed in some essential past, they are subject to the continuous play of history, culture and power . Culture and cultural identity in the study of intercultural relations have become umbrella terms that subsume racial and ethnic identity. This means both racial identity and ethnic identity lead to the development of the concept of cultural identity. However, these terms have different meanings. For example, race is a classification of the humans, usually by genetic similarities passed hereditarily. Ethnicity has a range of distinctive features, passed by socialization from one generation to another. There are never clear boundaries, cultural or geographic, that mark the limits of ethnic groups, but a group usually shares common culture, language, religion, and behaviors . In this paper, the term ethnic identity is more often synonymously used to refer to cultural identity. However, as I discussed in the previous chapter acculturation is different from ethnic identity. These two are related but separate constructs. Acculturation refers to how ethnic minority individuals adapt to the dominant culture and the changes in their beliefs, values, and behavior that result from contact with the new culture and its members. By contrast, ethnic identity involves an individuals self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group membership, and degree of ethnic group affiliation or involvement . For Asian Indians, family is the main element which influences the development of cultural identity. Mainly the parents transmit ethnic identity to their children using a process of enculturation or ethnic socialization. Parents directly and indirectly model and reinforce ethnic behaviors to their children about the traditions, beliefs, and values associated with their cultural background . Children are socialized to be obedient, and are expected to bring honor to their families by exhibiting good behavior, maintaining high academic achievement, and contributing to the well-being of the family. Furthermore, because Indian self-identity is defined by the family and is established by a surname that affiliates individuals to a religion, social class, language, and a state in India, second-generation immigrants face an added challenge of creating a sense of self based on conflicting cultural allegiances. Therefore, the process of adolescent self identification may involve a refusal to ac cept the choice of being either American or Asian Indian and an attempt to create a new self-definition by finding out how to be an Asian Indian on ones own terms rather than on the parents mode of acculturation or preferred ethnic identity . A second important difference between the parents and children is that the phenomenon of adolescence, as it is broadly conceptualized in Western society, rarely exists among traditional Asian Indian families. Although all Asian Indian cultural communities have rites of passage associated with the onset of biological puberty, there is no corresponding change in adolescents roles, status, responsibilities, or autonomy in decision-making . Thus, given the differences between the belief systems of Western and Indian societies and the fact that most immigrant parents expect their children to maintain the traditional values and lifestyles of Indian culture, misunderstanding, miscommunication, and conflict are likely to occur in Asian Indian families . The common pattern for first-generation Asian Indians is to affirm their ethnicity, generally by reinventing Asian Indian culture on foreign soil (Dasgupta, 1998, p. 965-966). Often, Asian Indian immigrants are more Indian than the people they left behind, and they may retain a sense of a culture that no longer exists on the Indian continent. Despite the influence of social class and generation on their cultural identity and world view, many maintain a traditional value system many years after immigration . However second-generation Indian Americans, who do not maintain the traditional value system of their parents, understand the influence of their new culture also affects their ethnic identity development. Uba noted that there are three aspects of Asian American ethnic identity that can be distinguished. These aspects are 1) consciousness of ethnicity, 2) adoption of an ethnic identity; and 3) application of that ethnic identity. Some Asian Americans will strongly identify with many aspects of Asian American ethnicity, but some will only acknowledge that they belong to an Asian American ethnic group. Furthermore, they may deny that they have anything in common with members of their ethnic group . Some may identify with their ethnic group to the extent of knowing the history of the ethnic group and still see the ethnic group as irrelevant today, and some others may identify socially with the ethnic group but have no knowledge of its history . Formation and Development of Cultural Identity The process of identity formation has received much attention in literature. Many models have been proposed to explain the process of identity formation in various ethnic and cultural minority groups. A common feature of these models is that identity formation of ethnic and cultural minorities in the United States occurs in the context of the dominant culture. Phinney maintained that the process of identity formation does not proceed in a linear direction. He proposed a bi-directional model based on an ethnic persons affiliation with his or her ethnic group and his or her acculturation in the mainstream White culture. This model allows an ethnic person four possibilities: a) a strong bicultural identity, b) a strong ethnic identity but a weak identification with mainstream culture, c) a weak ethnic identity but a strong identification with mainstream culture, and d) a weak identification with both cultures. Most educated South Asian immigrants probably fall in category a) with a relatively small number in b) and c), and only a few in category d) . Nieto states individuals growing up in a multicultural environment may develop multicultural and hybrid identities. That is, race, ethnicity, gender, social class, ability, national origin, religion, and other differences combine to influence who immigrants are and how they identify themselves. I mmigrants identify in multiple ways, based on such factors as family structure, race, sexual orientation, and national origin. In spite of these differences, they share a need to belong and to feel free to explore who they are. According to this, identities also change in response to the sociopolitical contexts in which people live. Further, Nieto states that identities have been shaped and continue to be influenced by the people with whom one interacts and the material and social conditions of ones lives . This is, in fact, what Lessinger found in her study, which indicates that people have developed what she calls a transnational identity . Another influence on identity formation that is important to consider is the identity that the dominant White society assigns to members of the visible racial and ethnic groups. The degree to which this affects individual members of a particular group varies from person to person. The whole question of ethnic identity becomes more complex. In the case of biracial children, the numbers seem to be increasing. Sodowsky et al. have identified certain cultural value variables for Asian Indian Americans to some extent. Counselors may find them useful in trying to understand the attitudes and values of South Asian clients . Cultural identity development could involve three stages according to Phinneys model: unexamined cultural identity, cultural identity search, and cultural identity achievement . Unexamined cultural identity is the phase in which immigrants are not aware of ethnic, cultural, or racial differences between themselves and others. (During an unexamined cultural identity stage, immigrants do not typically examine or question their cultural, ethnic, or racial identity). Instead they tend to take their cultural values, norms, beliefs, customs, and other characteristics for granted and are not aware of ethnic, cultural, or racial differences between themselves and others. They rarely show any interest in discovering their backgrounds. However, over time immigrants are confronted with cultural, ethnic, and racial conflict that creates difficulty and confusion in their lives. During this time, they begin their cultural identity search regarding self and others. The immigrants may experience a personal event, hear a comment made by a friend or neighbors or see a message through mass media such as television, the internet, a newspaper, a magazine, or a billboard that triggers a question about their ethnic, cultural or racial identity. They become aware of cultural, ethnic, and racial differences and begin to explore and discover aspects of identity. They may pursue social interaction with cultural and ethnic groups with which they identify, and they may participate in ethnic, cultural, social, and service organizations. In this continuous process, they also reflect and evaluate themselves, others, the world, and how they fit within the various groups. The individuals values, morals, ethics, and beliefs are being influ enced and shaped . In extending Phinneys second phase of cultural identity development, some immigrants experience an identity crisis during this stage. Immigrants struggling with an identity crisis often perceive themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic, cultural, and racial group, but their peers are communicating to them that they do not belong to their group because they do not have similar physical and behavioral characteristics. An immigrant as a minority in a dominant group who denies their ethnic, cultural, and racial identity is known to have an identity crisis. In addition, if the person is exposed to cultural events, activities, educational material, and friendships from the same cultural/ethnic group, this will help him or her to develop a healthy ethnic/cultural identity . When Asian American Indian immigrants suffer a crisis, they revert to their Asian heritage and reject all mainstream and other ethnic minority assumptions and values. Sue explained about this stage that, they may seek out and set up tentative alliances with other minority groups that have been similarly oppressed. Sue further noted that these alliances can be fragile and may disappear when Asian Indian Americans have conflicts with other minorities . The final phase is a cultural identity achievement, where individuals have developed a fairly solid grasp of their own cultural identity. They have reached a state of clarity, confidence, understanding, appreciation, and acceptance of that identity. If they are confronted with discrimination and stereotypical comments, these individuals are able to avoid internalizing the negative communications. This does not mean that negative comments by others are not hurtful to the individual, but that he or she does not question his or her cultural identity. The immigrant generation accepts cultural differences in this stage. There is no pre-encounter or conformity stage as postulated by the models of minority ethnic identity models. The acceptance of cultural differences is a reality of life for this group. In this stage, most Asian Americans are proud of their identity and do not consider it a hindrance. They have completely bought into the American dream that hard work will overcome all diff erences . All these stages of identity formation and development differ for the first, second or third-generation of Asian Indian Americans. The cultural identity development of Asian Indian Americans depends on different elements such as gender, age, class, spiritual, national, regional, and personal identities, which will be considered in more depth below. Elements of Cultural Identity There are various elements of cultural identities such as race, gender, age, class, spiritual, national, regional, and personal identities. Some of these elements are discussed with respective of Asian Indian Americans. Race Research on Asian Americans has assumed race as the most significant, or salient, aspect of identity. Racial identity refers to a sense of group or collective identity based on ones perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group . Racial identity most often categorizes individuals based on skin color. Furthermore, people tend to focus on the most visible characteristics, usually regarding race and sex. South Asians are generally regarded as part of visible racial and ethnic minorities. However, Indian immigrants come in all skin colors, from fairest to darkest, and have different facial features. Indian college students, despite their relatively higher educational and occupational status, struggle with an idea of an exclusive racial identity . Gender Gender identity deals with the feminine, masculine aspect of identity. Gender may be a variable in cultural identify in those cultures in which men are more likely to get jobs in the mainstream culture while the women remain at home. There may also be different cultural expectations for men and women, such as the assumption that women are the carriers of ethnic traditions. The very little research that addresses this issue suggests a greater involvement in ethnicity by women than by men. Gender roles are clearly demarcated in Asian Indian American cultures. Obviously, the migrating generation would be most rigid in its definition of gender roles . According to Indian culture, men and women would be strictly bound by the demands of their ethnic culture and their host culture. For instance, men manage business outside the home, while women manage the home. This practice is more widespread in India; to a certain degree it reflects attitudes in the United States as well, though this cust om has slowly been losing its appeal. The role of men and women among Asian Indian Americans varies with generational and educational level, as well as with social class, and economic stability. Men experience a great deal of stress in regard to their role, especially in cross cultural contexts. As immigrants, their family expects them to display their authority in order to make clear to other cultural groups that they are in control of their family. Also, men make the final decision on major topics such as career and property matters, however, women participate in the decision making process, only through private conversations with their husbands. Accordingly, this separation of gender roles also creates a considerable social segregation between the two genders . This however does not mean that the men were able to make decisions without regard for the opinions of others. In actuality, the power and control in the family reside with the oldest person, regardless of gender, and even when the oldest person in the family is far away . Woollett et al. noted that among Asian Indian women, the social construction of gender and ethnicity is fluid and changing, based on the maternal status of the woman. They also state that ethnicity and ethnic identity are not homogenous categories, but operate across gender. The experience of marginality, and being on the outside of the host culture, creates stronger bonds within a family and less rigid gender identification and boundaries . Age Age is the dimension where interactants may identify themselves as young, middle-aged, and old based on actual age, appearance, and how they feel. Parents are to be honored and revered. It is assumed that the older a person gets, the more maturity and knowledge he or she has. Older people are respected for these attributes. Families go to elders to resolve familial conflicts. They also turn to older family members for advice and support when they are in a crisis or when relationships are disrupted in social or work relationships . Children of South Asian immigrants are socialized into two cultures, the culture of the family and the culture of the larger American society. Most parents try to inculcate ethnic pride and awareness of their cultural heritage in their children. For young school-age children, this sometimes poses a problem. They stand out because of their physical appearance and for that reason are often teased or rejected by other children. Most young children lack the inner resources to deal with such hostility and to base their self-esteem on their ethnic heritage. They want to be like everyone else so they can fit in with the crowd and shed any cultural trait that sets them apart.

barnes and noble Essay -- essays research papers

Barnes & Noble does business -- big business -- by the book. As the #1 bookseller in the US, it operates about 650 superstores throughout 49 states and the District of Columbia under the banners Barnes & Noble, Bookstop, and Bookstar, as well as about 200 mall stores using the names B. Dalton, Doubleday, and Scribner's. The company's GameStop subsidiary is the #1 US video game retailer with about 1,500 stores under the names Babbage's Etc., GameStop, and FuncoLand. Barnes & Noble owned about 75% of online book seller barnesandnoble.com after purchasing Bertelsmann's interest in 2003; Barnes & Noble then purchased all remaining shares and took the company private in May 2004. Barnes & Noble dates back to 1873 when Charles Barnes went into the used-book business in Wheaton, Illinois. By the turn of the century, he was operating a thriving bookselling operation in Chicago. His son William took over as president in 1902. William sold his share in the firm in 1917, to C. W. Follett, who later built Follett Corp, and moved to New York City, where he bought an interest in established textbook wholesalers Noble & Noble. The company was soon renamed Barnes & Noble. It first sold mainly to colleges and libraries, providing textbooks and opening a large Fifth Avenue shop. Over the next three decades, Barnes & Noble became one of the leading booksellers in the New York region. Freshman Leonard Riggio, who worked at a New York University bookstore to help pay for night school. He studied engineering but got the itch for bookselling. In 1965, at age 24, he borrowed $5,000 and opened Student Book Exchange NYC, a college bookstore. Beginning in the late 1960s, he expanded by buying other college bookstores. In 1971 Riggio paid $1.2 million for the Barnes & Noble store on Fifth Avenue. He soon expanded the store, and in 1974 he began offering jaw-dropping, competitor-maddening discounts of up to 40% for best-sellers. Acquiring Marboro Books five years later, the company entered the mail-order and publishing business. By 1986 Barnes & Noble had grown to about 180 outlets, which included 142 college bookstores. Along with Dutch retailer Vendex, that year it bought Dayton Hudson's B. Dalton mall bookstore chain, forming BDB Holding Corp. In 1989 the company acquired the Scribner's Bookstores trade name and the Bookstop and Bookstar su... ... the company, including all of the voting power of Barnes & Noble College Bookstores, a private textbook seller. The company is spinning off its GameStop subsidiary. In early October GameStop purchased some six million shares back from Barnes & Noble. On November 2 Barnes & Noble distributed the remaining shares it had in GameStop in a dividend to its shareholders. Business Wire, November 3, 2004 Wednesday, 1:30 PM GMT, 748 words, Barnes & Noble to Open New Store at 30500 State Highway 181, Spanish Fort, Alabama; New Bookstore Debuts on No Copyright 2004 Business Wire, Inc. Business Wire November 3, 2004 Wednesday 1:30 PM GMTDISTRIBUTION: Business Editors; Community Editors LENGTH: 748 words HEADLINE: Barnes & Noble to Open New Store at 30500 State Highway 181, Spanish Fort, Alabama; New Bookstore Debuts on November 17 DATELINE: NEW YORK Nov. 3, 2004 BODY:vember 17 , NEW YORK Nov. 3, 2004 2. Copyright 2004 The New York Times Company The New York Times September 9, 2004 Thursday Late Edition – Final SECTION: Section E; Column 1; The Arts/Cultural Desk; Pg. 1 LENGTH: 931 words HEADLINE: Huge Book Retailer Expands Its Publishing Role BYLINE: By EDWARD WYATT

Case of Speluncean Explorers Essay

After reading the opinions of various judges in the case of The Speluncean Explorers, I found the arguments of Justice Foster well justified. Hence, I agree with him the most. He believes that the four explorers are innocent of any crime and rests his conclusion on two grounds. Firstly, Justice Foster takes the view that positive law cannot be applied to the case. Instead, he states that law of nature should govern the case. Men’s co existence in a society is essential for the application of positive law. I agree with him because in this situation where the co existence of the men is not possible without the taking of life, positive law is not applicable. He believes â€Å"maxim cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex† which means when the reason for law ceases, the law itself ceases, should be applied to thiscase.I agree with him that the men were not guilty of crime because Roger Whetmore’s life was ended in a â€Å"state of nature† and not in a â€Å"state of civil society†. This is a case where natural law supersedes positive law. He also raised a point regarding the jurisdiction that the state had over these explorers at the time of the murder given that they were miles below the territorial jurisdiction.Also, what the men did was according to the agreement accepted by all of them.I agree with Justice Foster’s question that when the state can sacrifice the lives of ten workers trying to rescue the five explorers in the cave , then why isn’t it justified that one life be sacrificed to save the lives of four. Secondly, he emphasizes and talks about the relevance of the golden rule. The case had been decided without violating the statute â€Å"he who shall willfully take the life of another is a murderer†. However, literal rule cannot always be applied. Justice Foster illustrates cases such as Commonwealth v.Staymore and Fehler v. Neegas to support his argument that applying golden rule often gives a more just result. He raises a point that the above-mentioned statute has never been applied literally by giving an example of the exception of self-defense. I agree with him that statutes must be read between the lines to close the loopholes and give a fair judgment. Also, there was no malicious intention in committing the murder and it was solely for the purpose of survival. An important point to be noticed is the lack of intention to murder and the role of survival. According to Aristotle and Plato’s discourse on law, I also think that the end can justify the means and so to save many people, one man was killed. Therefore, I agree with Justice Foster that the four men are innocent of the crime of murdering Roger Whetmore.

Marketing Plan Essay Example

Marketing Plan Essay Example Marketing Plan Essay Marketing Plan Essay This ewe mixed rice will be packaged in one pound pack for easy purchasing and storage. In todays market, there is major only either white rice or brown rice available, not yet any mixed rice available in the market. And according to Sads biannual milled rice distribution survey for food use, total domestic consumption of rice is about 47. 5 million, which equals over 19 pounds per capita (Liabilities. Com 2009). Even though there are many people consume rice, there are deferent needs exist in the whole market, and it Is Impossible that only one product or service can satisfy all the needs. In order to reach the maximum efficiency, the marketers have to clear understand the needs of the customers, and develop deferent products to them, and this Is called target market strategy. According to Solomon, Marshall, and Stuart (2008), target marketing strategy means delving the total market into different segments on the basis of customer characteristics, selecting one or more segments, and developing products to meet the needs of those specific segments. By measuring the observable aspects of a population, the size of the consumer can be known. Some aspects used to measure are age, size, gender, income, education, and Emily structure. Since each group has own shared behavior, the marketer can find the target one and design the product introduction message to attract them. Since the product is mixed grains and is required to cook before consume, the target consumer gender is female. It is not saying male dont know how to cook, the consumer demographics Is for general shared characteristics. Women who have family tend to cook more and mostly pay more attention to healthy food, so the age Is over 18 and women for the target consumer.

How to Pay for College Without Loans

How to Pay for College Without Loans SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The question of how to pay for college is usually one with a complicated answer. Your own unique financial situation, interests, strengths, weaknesses, and preferences all come into play. Some of the most important factors that come up center around your ability and willingness to take out student loans. In this guide, I'll thoroughly cover how to pay for college without loans. This can help you pay for college without going broke, or at least graduating without a load of student debt. Maybe taking out loans for college isn’t a good financial option for you. Maybe your parents can’t or won’t co-sign on the necessary loans. Maybe you just hate the thought of having student debt. Whatever your reasons, choosing to pay for college without loans is a completely valid decision. I won’t sugarcoat this - it might make paying for college more difficult, especially if you don’t have many other financial aid options available. That isn’t to say, however, that there aren’t some viable options available for almost any student who wants to avoid taking on debt. Before going through all these options, I’ll briefly talk about college expenses and the reasons why some people choose to take out loans. Then, I’ll give non-loan aid options for students based on whether they demonstrate high or low financial need. I’ll finish off with info on how much aid you can expect to receive without having to take on debt. What Does College Cost? Why Do People Take Out Loans? The first expense you probably think of when calculating colleges costs will probably be tuition. Average tuition rates vary by the type of school you attend: $31,231 average tuition for private colleges $9,139 average tuition for in-state residents at public colleges $22,958 average tuition for out-of-state residents at public colleges Tuition is expensive enough on its own, but it's not the only major expense associated with attending college.You’re also responsible for room, board, transportation, books, and personal expenses.The cost of room and board also varies by school type, although not as widely as tuition costs: $,188 average room board at private colleges $9,804 average room board at public colleges If we add tuition, room, board, and other expenses, the average cost of attending college in the US ranges from $19,000 - $42,419.This is a pretty huge annual expense when we consider that the average US household income is about $50,000. So how does the average student afford these huge expenses? As it turns out, most students don't end up paying full sticker price for college. As of a few years ago, the average student received about $7,000 in non-loan financial aid per year - the rest of college costs would be covered by family contributions or (as we'll talk more about shortly), loans. A financial aid award of $7,000 makes a significant dent in total college expenses, especially if you're attending a less expensive school, but it would rarely cover all tuition, room, and board costs. If non-loan aid and family contributions don't add up to students' total college costs, they'll need help making up the difference. The average US student has about $28,400 in loans after graduation. In my experience, most students anticipate having to take out loans unless they're in one of two situations: They demonstrate very high financial need, thereby qualifying for many need-based aid programs. If they attend a school that meets all financial need, their families may not have to pay a cent to send them to college. They come from wealthy families who are able to cover all college expenses, even if they don't qualify for any need-based financial aid. Most students are somewhere in the middle, with a gap between what they have (savings, grants, scholarships) and what they need (total cost). This is where loans traditionally come in. There’s nothing inherently bad about taking out student loans, but if you’re striving to avoid student debt, the next section will outline all viable options and strategies. Financial Aid Options: How to Pay for School Without Student Loans Want to say no to student loans? This section will outline realistic financial strategies to help you do that. Your options for paying for school without loans largely depend on your financial status. Many non-loan financial aid options are need-based, so students who demonstrate high financial need tend to have more aid opportunities. There are some merit-only aid options that don’t take financial need into account - if you don’t demonstrate much financial need, those options will be a good place to start. Before you start considering non-loan payment strategies, you may find it helpful to estimate your own financial need. This way, you'll have a better idea of what aid options (merit-based only, or merit- and need-based) are available to you. Unfortunately,the amount you believe your family can afford doesn’t always match up with the amount that aid sources (schools, government, and private scholarship funds) determine you can afford. To get a realistic idea of what many need-based aid sources will expect your family to contribute, check out the FAFSA4caster: Enter in relevant financial information to get an unofficial EFC, or Expected Family Contribution The federal government, schools, and some need-based aid sources use this number to make an assessment of your family’s financial need The lower your EFC, the more aid you're likely to be eligible for Once you make this estimate, you'll know whether you should focus on the need-based aid options. High Financial Need: Need-Based Aid A lot of non-loan financial aid options are available for students from low-income families. Many of these aid sources are based on financial need or a combination of merit and financial need. Grants Federal grants: The Pell Grant is awarded to students with low EFCs. Check out Pell Grant eligibility requirements and application instructions. Institutional grants: Many top schools have exceptional need-based financial aid programs. Some even claim to meet 100% of unmet need without using loans - that is, anything that you can't afford to pay after getting federal grants or scholarships. Scholarships Many top scholarships are need-based and provide very generous awards.If they cover all unmet need, they'll pay for all expenses that aren't covered by grants or other scholarships. Some awards give you a set amount every semester or every year; others are nonrenewable, one-time awards. It'snot easy to budget around scholarships because they’re unpredictable, and the best ones tend to be very competitive. To start your scholarship search, check out our guides to the top scholarship programs for high school seniors and high school juniors. The Perkins Loan I know this is supposed to be a post on non-loan financial aid options only, but hear me out - if you plan on pursuing certain service careers, you could be eligible for 100% loan cancellation if you take out a Perkins loan. If you get your loan canceled or forgiven, it essentially functions as a grant - that is, it's free money to pay for school. The Perkins loan is meant for students with exceptional financial need. Read more about the Perkins loan program, its eligibility requirements, and the forgiveness process. Schools You may be able to avoid student loans just by applying to the right schools. Some schools, particularly top private colleges, tend to offer generous financial aid packages. Like I mentioned earlier, some of them even commit to covering all unmet financial need - the schools with the best financial aid programs don't ask students to take out loans in order to cover costs, either. If you're interested in public schools, stay in-state -resident tuitions and costs are usually much lower forthan those for non-residents. Low Financial Need: Merit-Based Aid There are fewer non-loan aid options for students who come from higher-income families, but they’re still out there! Keep in mind that you don't have to be higher-income to qualify for merit-based aid - anyone could theoretically benefit from the aid options listed below. Scholarships There are a ton of merit-based scholarships out there. You’ll have to make sure to carefully read all eligibility requirementsbecause some scholarship programs also take financial need into account. To get started with your scholarship search, check out our guides to the top awards for high school seniors and juniors. The Coca-Cola Scholarship is a particularly large merit-based scholarship award. Schools Even if your family has a relatively high income, you may still qualify for institutional grants at certain schools. Some private schools with top financial aid programs award aid to families who make well into six figures - for example, Harvard doesn’t ask families to contribute more than 10% of their adjusted gross income. If you're interested in public schools, apply to college and universities in-state - your tuition will be much cheaper, on average, than if you attended an out-of-state public school. If you ultimately won’t qualify for much need-based aid but have other academic, athletic, or artistic strengths that make you a competitive applicant, you could qualify for merit-based aid. Start by checking out this list of schools that award the most merit-based aid - all the schools listed awarded merit aid to at least 40% of their students last year. How Much Can You Get Without Loans? You don't need a fountain pen to do these calculations, although you're welcome to use one. In this section, I'll run through realistic expectations of how much money you can earn through different aid options. I'll run through realistic example situations at the end. Grants and Other School-Based Aid This aid will vary widely (not unsurprisingly) by school. Schools’ net price calculators will give you a good idea of how much money they could offer you if you were accepted. You’ll have to enter relevant financial info (e.g. income, assets) for both you and your parents in order to get an accurate estimate. If a school awards merit-based aid, they might also ask about things like GPA and SAT/ACT scores. To access a particular institution's net price calculator, just google "[school name] net price calculator." Scholarships Unfortunately, there’s no good rule of thumb to estimate how much money you could get from scholarships that you apply to. Many scholarships are pretty competitive, so the more programs you apply to, the better your chances of getting funding. If you start looking at scholarships earlier in your high school career, you can get a head start in targeting better scholarships. Examples I'll run through two different financial aid scenarios here to show you howyou can cover your college costs without taking out any loans. In the first example, the student is attending a public school and has low financial need; in the second example, the student is attending a private school and has high financial need. Public School + Low Need Student A is a high achiever who comes from a relatively wealthy family in Arizona. I plugged some general academic and financial information into Arizona State University's net price calculator to come up with her Cost of Attendance. Here's her background information: Current high school senior in Arizona National Merit Program Finalist Ranked #5 in a class of 150, 3.8 GPA 730 on SAT critical reading and math sections Combined family income: $150,000 And here's her financial aid output: There are a few things you should notice about this output: She's saving money right off the bat because she's applying to an in-state public school. Her tuition costs are $10,478, but tuition for an out-of-state resident at ASU comes to $25,042. Her expected family contribution (EFC) is pretty high - ASU expects her family to be able to afford $32,770 a year, which more than covers her costs. She isn't offered any need-based aid, but she is offered a merit-based scholarship of $13,000. She wouldn't be offered this scholarship if she wasn't a high-achiever. With this scholarship, her total out-of-pocket costs for the year come to $14,260. Since Student A's parents make $150,000 a year, ASU assumes thatthey can more than afford a bill of about $14,260 a semester - they wouldn't have to take out any loans to cover these expenses (although they could if they wanted to). Sometimes, though, families are unwilling or unable to make such a contribution. If this is the case for Student A, she could help mitigate these costs by applying to scholarship programs. Private School + High Need Student B is a California resident who's applied to Stanford. He comes from a family of 4 with high financial need. I plugged in some general demographic and financial information (no academic or merit information) into Stanford's net price calculator. Here's his background info: Current high school senior in California One 15-year-old sibling Combined family income: $40,000 And here's his financial aid output: Here's what you should notice about this output: Unlike for Student A, Student B has been offered financial aid based only on financial need - not on merit (although keep in mind that Student B would have to be a high achiever in order to get into Stanford in the first place). Student B'stotal costs ($64,900) are higher than those of Student A ($27,260), but Student B was offered way more in scholarship grant money ($59,900) Stanford doesn't expect Student B's family to make any financial contribution to these costs. Stanford does, however, expect Student B to contribute a small amount ($5,000) through a student job and/or savings. $5,000 a year is a significant, but manageable, bill for a college student.Student B could pay this bill in a number of ways without taking out loans - he could get a work study job during the school year and/or summer, for example. He could alsoapply to different scholarship programs to see if he could cover some or all of the cost with outside funding. What's Next? We've covered thoroughly how to pay for college without loans. Now you have a shot at paying for college without going broke. Financial aid comes in many forms and from many sources. Get clear, simple instructions on applying for financial aid. Whether you have high or low financial need, you should definitely submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Learn more about the FAFSA and how to submit one. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Business - Essay Example The movie profiles the cases of seven employees who have acquired injuries in the course of their employment. One of the victims is Marcos Lopez. He has worked in the company since high school. Marcos suffers serious back injuries from working form long hours sometimes up to sixteen hours in a day. The company Tyler pipe has a record of violating the safety rules. A former engineer with the company, Ron Howard describes the company’s policies that safety is sacrificed to increase productivity and make profits at the expense of humans. In a scene on the movie, a man dies when moving iron parts. The corporation responds by saying that he was a good man who made a very big mistake. Other actors featured are Kennedy Valve and Frank Wagner. They are ordered to dispose of toxic paint into an incinerator. Frank Wagner dies from an explosion in the oven. The company also does not provide adequate training for the job. Mc Wane Company also requires employees to sign a contract that they should never sue it and therefore benefiting from the compensation. The movie also features a single director for the entire plant known as Clyde Doran. The director does not have authority to stop production. He is also ordered to withhold information from officials. After the death of Frank Wagner, criminal charges were forwarded against the company. They were charged with criminal negligence. Consequently, Mc Wane threatened a massive loss of jobs if forced to change its policies. Other late discoveries were made. Delaware River had an eight-mile oil stick that came from a Mc Wane pipe plants holding tank. The companies holding tanks were not big enough for toxic waste that the company produced. In response, Mc Wane defended itself by saying that with competition from all over the world mainly China and Latin America, it is hard to maintain the environmental