Effective Leadership of the Registered Nurse in Home Care Essay

It is difficult to define what makes an â€Å"effective† leadership in home care, but most of people would be able to distinguish between effective and weak leadership. Leading is associated with ‘leading the way’. Professionals who can see a way forward and can explain this to nurses and enthuse them to follow that path are often considered to be demonstrating leadership. In the language often used to describe leadership in home care this interprets as people who both have vision and are able to communicate the vision to nurses and to motivate them into taking action. Leadership is important in the initiatives intended to develop and improve home care services. This type of leadership is essential in effective management of home care. Effective leadership and team working Leadership is essentially about relationships with staff. One can’t be a leader unless employees are prepared to go alongside or to follow one’s lead. Creating a good team is not a one-off activity that can be achieved through an ‘away day’, although this also can be a useful mechanism. It is a continuing process that should to be continually worked at. The team may be very diverse in knowledge, skills and experience. Effective leadership in a multi-disciplinary context can be hindered by lack of understanding of each other’s roles (Kadushin 67). Therefore, the effective leader must ensure that there is opportunity and encouragement to explore the differences rather than leaving them partially recognized and potentially damaging. Leadership style There is a fairly wide unanimity that there is no one right way to be an effective leader in home care (Zarit 34). As every situation is different, leaders often have to be flexible in choosing what style to adopt. Leaders should be able to balance the needs of the individuals, the staff and the task. Style is often considered as a continuum of possibilities between the opposing approaches of being very directive or consultative to the point of delegating decisions. A very directive style, for example, would be to tell a nurse exactly what to do without discussing anything. The opposite would be a delegating style. Here the leader hands over most, if not all, of the decision making. There are dangers in both of these styles. Therefore, effective leader will adopt a mixture of directive and consultative styles according to the situation and the people and tasks involved. Some of the approaches that effective leader can take come between a directive style and complete delegation. These are the following (Austin 90): ââ€"   selling – the leader explains his or her decision to staff and overcome any objections; ââ€"   shaping – the leader takes the key decisions and then involve staff in shaping how to implement decisions; ââ€"   consulting – the leader invites comment and ideas and considers these in coming to key decisions; ââ€"   selective delegation – the leader delegates decisions within a framework that defines the boundaries of the delegated authority. The leader also ensures that the person to whom he or she has delegated has the training and support to carry out the role. If nurses are frightened of being blamed if mistakes are made it is important for leader to ensure that individuals are not put at risk. The further the leader comes down this list of approaches, the more freedom the leader is perceived to be offering staff. Staffs often want to have some freedom. This is in case, if they are well prepared for the responsibilities that involvement and delegation bring. It is important, however, for the leader to be aware of the expectations in any environment and to use appropriate styles that will work for the employees. Power in effective leadership Leader with power can get things done and can stop things from happening. The use of power on staff can cause misery and fear or give the confidence of approval and protection. Effective leaders are often thought to be powerful people whose power on staff gives the confidence of approval and protection. Power of leadership is an energy that can be used in different ways in home care according to the source from which the power is derived. Effective leader needs some power to lead or manage staff because nurses who are to carry out the tasks and activities need to be empowered to do it. However, it is often more effective to be able to work influentially within an environment where many nurses hold power. Leadership roles The very important early stages involve developing the vision of the tasks in a way that encourages nurses to see its value (Austin 67). This vision has to be communicated to nurses. Then it has to be turned into a set of plans that provide the strategy through which the tasks will be accomplished. The effective leader then has to help everyone to maintain progress towards achieving successful outcomes. This is often connected with being a lighthouse and providing the beam of light that directs the nurses. The role of the effective leader is often described as being connected with vision and values and the role of the manager as ensuring effective and efficient actions. The role of the effective leader can be seen as to develop, communicate and maintain the vision. The leader motivates everyone to progress in the right direction and ensures that the strategy is enacted with plans, activities and tasks. Most projects, particularly those in home care settings, include complex settings having many different views and expectations. In such settings it is always difficult to take action because nurses will be interested, concerned or vulnerable. Therefore, the leader will need negotiating and teaching skills. Conclusion Effective leaders in home care have to go backwards through the stages of creating a successful team many times before things run smoothly. Life is never as simple as models and styles might suggest. Leaders in teams can help nurses to understand what is happening and often can facilitate productive discussions when storming seems to be distracting the tasks. If emphasis is placed on the value and importance of achieving the goals successfully, discussions must be kept focused about how to progress. It is usually helpful to ensure that every nurse is involved in discussions about working practice because if they are not, there will be a feeling of exclusion and maybe fear of blame. Effective leaders within the team contribute to ensuring that the common commitment to achieving the good results.

Fostering Ethical Behavior Essay

Ethical conduct in today’s work environment is extremely important as it not only affects the climate of the workplace but can also make a major impact on the output of the employees who work for you. As Kreitner and Kinicki state, â€Å"Improving workplace ethics is not just a nice thing to do; it also can have a positive impact on the bottom line† (Organizational Behavior, 2009, p. 25). But the discussion on how to foster more ethical conduct can oftentimes be a tricky question to answer. First, my firm belief is that you have to start from the top of an organization and work down. If a CEO or upper level manager acts unethically in his/her practices then how can you expect another employee to not react in the same manner? â€Å"Managers are potent role models whose habits and actual behavior send clear signals about the importance of ethical conduct. Ethical behavior is a top-to-bottom proposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Organizational Behavior, 2009, p. 25). Secondly, an organization should maintain a strong and respected code of ethics that all employees would be required to adhere, train and reinforce in the workplace. Unethical behavior to get ahead can be a poison to any organization. â€Å"Behavior that is reinforced tends to be repeated, whereas behavior that is not reinforced tends to disappear. Ethical conduct too often is ignored or even punished while unethical behavior is rewarded. † (Organizational Behavior, 2009, p. 25). It should be the number one goal of any top management to foster a working environment where ethical behavior is rewarded and I feel that leading by example from the top down will result in a positive outcome in the workplace.

Apple And Its Customer Product Service Marketing Essay

Apple And Its Customer Product Service Marketing Essay Introduction Strategic management involves the analysing of organizational tactics and factors that may contribute to results or performance. In view of achieving this, organizational culture must be looked at as it greatly forms the base of establishing good strategic management. In this essay, we will find out what defines organizational culture and its importance, its impact on strategic management, how the public views the culture and how the culture has affected its strategic decisions, choices, options, etc. We will also discuss about some successful companies and organizations to showcase their organizational culture to see how it has worked for them. Organizational Culture Oxford dictionary distinctly states that organisation is, â€Å"an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department.† (Oxford 2012) Culture on the other hand is, â€Å"the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society.† (Oxford 2012) Organizational culture is then therefore essentially based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs or written and unwritten rules which the organization has developed over time and that have worked well enough to be considered valid. Factors of organizational culture that will be discussed are the company’s structure, decision making empowerment, the company’s hierarchy and employee commitment towards company goals. Depending on how these factors are effectively diffused through the company, the productivity and performance of the company will be affected directly as these factors serve as guidelines for customer care, safety, product quality, etc. They may also extend to marketing and advertising practices and to new innovations. Apple and its customer/product service To help us understand better, we will now look at a company which has an outstanding organizational culture in its customer/product service. Apple is a company that is very user/customer orie nted. When someone buys an apple product be it a MacBook or an iPod, they are guaranteed excellent customer/product service after they make their purchase. A standard warranty of at least one year is issued upon purchase and its offer is that the entire product can be sent for a ‘one-for-one’ exchange if the product is found to be faulty (Apple 2012). â€Å"A guarantee is not only an assurance that things will go right – it’s a promise that you will make things right if they ever do go wrong† (Kaufman 2012, p.168).Aside from the mandatory warranty on all products, all Apple products are able to be linked up online via iTunes for many updates and product software upgrades (Apple 2012). This culture of having the products constantly up to date even after purchase is a critical one which makes Apple stand out by keeping users constantly updated to the newest trends in IT and enables the user to accessibly and efficiently receive updates and upgrades fr om the internet. Denove and Power IV (2007, p.200) state to â€Å"Reach out to your customers and don’t wait for them to contact you. Smart companies proactively create and sustain a steady line of communications with customers.† This maintains the relationship that Apple has with the customer not only through the purchase of the product but throughout the customer’s entire usage of the product. Also, product servicing centres are available in several areas and are known as Epi Centres. At these places, any Apple product can be sent for servicing, warranty exchanges or troubleshooting, depending on the problem.

REFELCTIVE ANALYSIS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Essay

REFELCTIVE ANALYSIS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Following Gibbs’ (1988) model of reflection, I shall establish the integration between theory and practice. This model identified six stages involved in reflective practice where at each stage the I would ask myself a number of questions leading to the final stage of an action plan. It begins with selecting a critical incident to reflect upon followed by keen observing and describing of the incident, then analyzing my experience. This is followed by interpreting the experience and exploring alternatives leading up to an action plan. This is is a cyclical process which enables continual retrospective reflection. II. Reflective Practice Reflective practice has been a key underpinning of qualified nurses since the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) (1992) required them to keep a professional portfolio. As professionals, we are accountable for our ongoing learning and self development, providing the best care to our patients. To ensure this, we need to focus on our actions and skills to be able to meet the demands of patients, colleagues and professional bodies. In order to be reflective practitioners, we need to be reflective thinkers. â€Å"Reflective thinking is thinking that is aware of its own assumptions and implications as well as being conscious of the reasons and evidence that support the conclusion† (Lipman, 2003, p.26). John Dewey defined reflective thinking as â€Å"an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusion to which it tends† (cited in Martin, 1995, p.167). Reflective thinking leads one to be more self-aware so he can develop new knowledge about professional practice. Reflective practice has been recognised to be an important tool for professional development. Rowls and Swick (2000) agree and observed that practitioners who regularly reflected enabled them to develop t heir skills and the way they deal with patients. Schunk and Zimmerman (1998) describe how a self- reflective practice allows us to monitor, evaluate and adjust our performance during learning. Adjusting strategies based on assessment on our learning helps to achieve the goal of learning and identifying the activities well suited to our situations (Schunk & Zimmerman, 1998). However, practitioners often found the process quite time consuming and there was a greater fear of becoming introspective or being critical of oneself too much in practice. It is likely that one can be too engrossed in his reflection that he gets to neglect the delivery of a great work performance. Schon’s theory outlines two different types of reflection that occur at different time phases: reflection on action (Schon 1983) and reflection in action (Schon 1983). ‘Reflection in action’ is often referred to the colloquial phrase as ‘thinking on your feet’ a term used to being able to assess ourselves within a situation, making appropriate changes and still keeping a steady flow in the process. Reflection on action is when reflection occurs after the event. This is where the practitioner makes a deliberate and conscious attempt to act and reflect upon a situation and how it should be handled in the future (Loughran 1996). This means while performing a professional

Television and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Television and Children - Essay Example This was agreed on by a number of agencies including the US Surgeon General, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Medical Association, the American Psychology Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics and many other scientific and public health agencies and organizations. Kunkel reports on three major conclusions of a National Television Violence Study which was carried out. The first was that the incidence of violence is indeed very high. According to the study 60% of approximately 10,000 programs sampled in the study contained violent material. The researchers identified an average of 6,000 violent interactions in a single week on 23 channels. The study also pointed out that the way in which violence is presented on television increases the harmful risk to children. The reasons suggested for this were that the harm caused by the violence on television is not portrayed realistically. The way violence is presented understates how much harm these acts in reality cause the victim. It also shows violence performed by role model who show no remorse and suffer no repercussions for their aggressive behavior. The third conclusion of the study was also worrisome. The portrayal of violence has remained consistent over the past years. This stability indicates that efforts are not effective to change the portrayal of violence on television. The potential for violence on television to lead to aggressive behavior in children is not the only negative effect of television viewing in young children. Children can develop a fear of the world around them when they are exposed to violent and scary happenings on television. These images can be seen by children on regular television shows or even on the news. When children cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy they can become affected

Puig's 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' Is Seducing the Reader Essay

Puig's 'Kiss of the Spider Woman' Is Seducing the Reader - Essay Example The descriptions of the movies are interrupted with men clarifying their attitudes and relationships. Though it may seem boring from the very beginning, the reader suddenly understands, that he has been led away by the author - as soon as he is involved into the next narration, Puig makes a theatrical gesture: it is high time for the prisoners to have a sleep, and thus the only thing left for us is to wait for the next part of the story. But the main line of seduction lies in the urge to discuss the questions of sex, homosexuality, which are directly related to the issues of morality. By describing the two men having sexual relations, Puig deconstructs the superiority of everything feminine in the world. As Valentine says, 'when it comes to our relationship.... We could make any damn thing out of it we want; our relationship isn't pressured since outside of this cell we may have our oppressors, yes, but not inside. Here no one oppresses the other' (p. 202), which shows the main deconstruction of the male behavior by Puig. In this way the author as if seduces us to think, that probably there is nothing immoral in homosexual relations between the two men, and that probably such relations have the right to exist, but here the question of morality comes into the conflict.

Different Points of View on the Global Warming Essay

Different Points of View on the Global Warming - Essay Example It will be crucial to building a resonance scientific understanding of the systems through which climate change discloses, and, on the foundation of this information, to alleviate its force as far as possible while adjusting to its effects (Schreuder, 2009, p. 13). 1. The Facts: According to the 4th assessment report, there is proof that Africa is warming quicker than the global average, and it is likely to persist. It is projected that by 2100, temperature changes will drop in ranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8?C raise in mean surface temperature contrasted to 1900, and around 10 to 90cm increase in mean sea level. This warming is most over the heart of semi-arid boundaries of the Sahara also the central southern Africa. Before the atmospheric amount of carbon dioxide equivalent has multiplied by two, the worlds mean precipitation is anticipated to be around 1-5 % more than 1900. Under the least warming situation, equatorial east Africa will have rainfall increase by 5-20 % during De cember, January as well as February and diminish by 5-10 % during June, July also August (Schreuder, 2009, p.39). Agricultural production with foodstuff security in most areas of Africa is likely to be strictly compromised by climate change, as well as climate variability. Climate change will deteriorate the water stress presently faced by some nations; while some of those nations, presently not at risk of water stress, will be affected. Changes in an array of ecosystems are by now being noticed faster than expected, mainly in the Southern African environments. Climate change and unpredictability could also lead to the flooding of low lying lands, comprising coastal settlements. Human health could also be more negatively affected by climate change with climate variability, for instance there has been a raise in the frequency of malaria in southern Africa as well as East African highlands. These unfavourable effects together with poverty, institutional frame works and Poor policy, ca use Africa to be one of the most susceptible continent to climate change as well as climate variability. It is established that the anthropogenic climate force is the chief cause of climate change. This comprises of green house gases, land surface changes and aerosols. Research has shown that while a rise in the amount of green house gases would augment global warming, a rase in atmospheric aerosols would reduce it, although alterations in the land cover could either augment or reduce the local temperature (Schneider, 2002, p.22). The increase in the GHG since industrialization in the 1900s is the main cause of the ongoing global warming. The raise has been related to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, growing dependence on fossil fuel driven technologies, elevated population growth rates and land use results. More increase in the GHG altitudes is anticipated in the future as the developing nations are becoming further industrialized. Nevertheless, any increase in GHG increases the â€Å"green house† characteristics of the earth’s environment. These gases permit solar radiation to go through the atmosphere but hinder the reflected heat from escaping back into the apace which results to the earth’s temperature rise. Climate change is the main factor defining human advancement issues of the generation.  

Mississippi Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Research Paper

Mississippi Employment Laws and HRM Strategy - Research Paper Example The guidelines enable employees to work under favorable conditions that are not discriminatory. The laws are equally set to ensure that employers do not infringe the individual’s rights. This is vital since some employers subject workers to unconventional practices that affect the employee’s dignity and rights. According to the international labor organization (ILO), employment laws protect each stakeholder’s rights. The laws recognizes everyone as equal partners and state that employers are obligated to provide requisite working equipment, pay favorable remuneration, set excellent working conditions and provide effective support equipment to the disabled. The employers have the right to administer their employees and to receive the best from them in terms of performance. Indeed, the disabled have been neglected in diverse settings with their employment rights being compromised based on their conditions. This has prompted the international labor organization (ILO ) to design intervening guidelines with full recognition that everyone should be treated dignity. This paper explores the significance of the initiation of new technology for employees who may experience physical limitations in institutions. Description of the scenario selected The introduction of the modern technological systems for the disabled is crucial in the quest to empower them. This will ensure that the physically challenged who have been neglected regains their appropriate position in the society (Landy, 2005). Their participation in the economic development and growth, in institutions, has been dismal because they fail to receive similar employment opportunities compared to stable individuals. This distorts their performance and confidence levels. According to Landy (2005), disabled individuals have been facing prejudice during the employment process. The authorities within their workplace often fail to adhere to their working rights and support systems. This has led to t he development of general rules in Mississippi. These rules ensure that employers employ the disabled individuals and treat them with dignity and respect. They should also provide them with the pertinent rights in terms of remuneration, favorable working conditions, provision of meals and technological equipments to facilitate their operations. The technological equipment should include reading gadgets for the deaf, walking sticks and logistical equipment to facilitate their movement. The administration should also recognize their efforts; thus, boosting their ego and social engagement (Perkins, Shortland & Perkins, 2006). Currently, technology is a significant force with the capacity to transform operations in institutions. This calls for the training of employees on the use of technological equipments. Mississippi laws provide clear legal procedures that ensure that the rights of the disabled are respected. The laws recognize the disabled and states that they should not be denied the opportunity to serve in various capacities based on their conditions. The law requires employers to provide them with modern technological equipment to enhance their working conditions (Perkin et al, 2006). Indeed, most institutions including the

Discuss the influence of cognitive learning theories on educational Essay

Discuss the influence of cognitive learning theories on educational policy and practice - Essay Example Behaviorism The behaviorist learning perspectives started off in the early 1900s. They later became dominant at the beginning of the 20th century. The main idea used in behaviorism is the fact that learning consists of behavior changes due to the reinforcement, application and acquisition of associations among stimuli achieved for the environment and recognizable responses of a person. Many behaviorists are attracted in measurable changes seen in a person’s behavior. Thorndike, a most important behaviorist theorist, asserts that a response to an incentive is toughened when followed by positive rewarding effects (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). He goes on to assert that response to incentives become stronger by repetition and exercise. This learning view explained is akin to the programs of drill and practice. Skinner, one of the most influential behaviorists, projected his variant of behaviorism referred to operant conditioning. In his views, gratifying the right parts found on the more difficult behavior reinforces it and supports its recurrence. As a result, reinforcers have power over the occurrence of the preferred partial behaviors. Many people understand learning as a successive or the step by step approximation of the proposed partial behaviors by using punishments and rewards. In Skinner’s theory, the best known application is programmed instruction. This shows how the right sequences of the partial behaviors needed to be learned are specified by complicated task analysis (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology was instigated in the late 1950s. This psychology has made a contribution to move away from behaviorism. The individual is no longer seen as responses collections to external incentives, as the behaviorist understand. Cognitive psychology views these individuals as information processors. Additionally, cognitive psych ology paid more concentration to difficult mental phenomena unnoticed by behaviorists and was inclined by the coming out of computers as information processing devices, which later became analogous to the mind of individuals. In cognitive psychology, individuals understand learning as gaining of knowledge. The person learning is the information processor that takes in information, carries out cognitive operations on the information and stocks the information in memory. Therefore, the preferred instructional methods used in cognitive psychology are reading and lecturing textbooks. At its most greatness, the person learning is a passive knowledge recipient by the instructor (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). Constructivism Constructivism was established in the 1970s and 1980s. It gave rise to the ideas that people learning are not passive receivers of information. These learners actively build their knowledge by interacting with the environment a nd by reorganizing their mental structures. The individuals learning are seen as sense-makers, not only recording any information issued but also interpreting it. These learning views made people change from acquisition of knowledge to construction of knowledge metaphors. The growing evidence supporting the

Cover letter (business letter format or block style) Essay - 1

Cover letter (business letter format or block style) - Essay Example Besides that, my tutor advised me to look for additional help through the reading and writing centers. Following this class, I can now review the overall effort that I have put throughout the learning period. I learnt the most from analyzing a friend’s essay entitled, â€Å"Food Stamp and Millions People Rely on† in several ways. Since it was my first time to encounter this type of an essay, I had to undertake significant research on the topic and post my work in the class forum. However, I made several mistakes such as providing personal opinion instead of analyzing the content. In addition, my mind opened up when we were learning about ethos, pathos and logos as I am now able to identify different types of appeals and understand an article’s deeper meaning. One of my easiest essays was â€Å"Forgiveness and Generosity†. The main reason why I found the essay easy was the fact that it was a reflective essay where I had the permission to give my experiences, which is one of the easiest things for me to do. This is because most of the information incorporated my own life events and it is considerably easy for me to remember it. In addition, I did not have to apply many writing skills. One of the essays that I struggled most to complete was titled, â€Å"Effects of Tsunami on Japan’s Economy†. I was not conversant with citations but my instructor showed me how to use a simplified website that generates automatic citations easily. I still made the mistake of not arranging the citations in alphabetical order. I had to read very many sources, which was tedious. I had difficulties when writing the outline and my essay had many grammatical mistakes. However, my tutor rendered her assistance on how to fix most mistakes and my final draft had improved substantially as there were fewer mistakes. Through reading many articles, I was able to learn many words that I can now apply easily in my essays. I also learnt several writing

Social work and substance abuse Essay Example for Free

Social work and substance abuse Essay From the 1920s to the 1950s social workers were not focused on helping alcoholic or drug-dependent people. Instead back then they worked with the spouse of the chemically dependent person. Juvenile drug use was not investigated until 1952. In 1957 social workers were urged to help change public attitudes towards alcoholism. In 1970 legislation was passed that was to affect the delivery of services including social work services to alcoholic clients. Soon courses were offered at school about alcoholism. Now social workers have many different techniques used when working with substance abusers. Social workers today encounter substance abuse across all fields. Views on substance abuse have changed greatly over the past 100 years. It used to not be as prevalent as it is now. Social workers only usually were concerned with adults but they did not realize that it starts with adolescents. The public is now more aware of the effects of substance abuse, they are able to help family member to get the right treatment for their addiction. 100 years ago there were not support groups for people with substance abuse. Now there are meeting such as AA that is available for alcoholics to go and talk about the addiction and these meeting help them in the recovery process. Social workers found that it was effective having the patients talk with other patients that have gone through the same process and experiences. Ronald Reagan helped promote these changes. He got funding set up to help get the police to stop the import and sale of illegal substances. The amount of people going to jail with drug related charges started to go up. Insurance companies decided to help pay for substance abuse care that was delivered in the general hospitals. This though led to the closure of many residential treatment centers. There have been some positive and some negative changes. When social workers started to help people with substance abuse and meetings such as AA meeting were established it was very effective. I believe that substance abuse is something that is very important and needed much attention 100 years ago. I also believe that when the police started to crackdown and stop the sale of illegal drugs that was effective. I did not think that is was a good chance when the insurance companies decided to only pay for help in only general hospitals. If anything they should be covering the stay at residential treatments centers. General hospitals only keep the patient for a few days and then they let them go, that is not enough time for substance abuse patients to get better. They would be better off in treatment centers where they are able to go through detox and meet with other patients.

Encouragement and hope

Encouragement and hope Here is the good news for today from todays gospel A word of great encouragement and hope. Hope is the unique signature of the Christian gospel. What makes a Christian a Christian is this inability to quit hoping. A new gift from God is at work on our behalf, at all times in all circumstances. The crowds had pressed Jesus right up to the edge of the water at the Sea of Galilee to hear the Word of God. There he came upon three defeated men. They had fished all night and had only an empty boat to show for their efforts. They had worked hard but had failed. It was a terrible, horrible, a very bad day. There is a short story called about a young man who had just signed for his favourite football club, at his first football game, he beats three men before scoring from 25 yards. His teammates looked at him with awe. His coach said, Youre going to have quite a future around here. His girlfriend awarded him with a kiss after the game. This young man Shaw has the feeling that life is completely satisfying and rewarding. But nothing in the rest of his life ever lives up to that day again. His football experience is equally disappointing. His marriage sours. The pain of failure is even greater because he remembers thinking on a perfect day many years before that life would always be that pleasant, satisfying and rewarding. Life does not stand still. There isnt a once-for-all experience. It was Winston Churchill who said, Success is never final. Failure is never fatal. It is courage that counts. There are going to be bad days. Sometimes we are going to fall on our respective faces. These failures dont have to be endings. They can be the avenue to experience Gods grace more widely and more deeply. Jesus of Nazareth gets into the boat with the three defeated men. He sat down and taught the people from the boat. When he had ceased teaching, he said to Simon, Put out into the deep and let down your nets for a catch. Put out into the deep our lives are often fenced in by low expectations. The worst sin is to aim too low. We have to learn to make room for God. We calculate and estimate, and say that this and that will happen, and we forget to make room for God to come as he chooses Expect him to come, but do not expect him only in a certain way. At any moment he may break in Always be in a state of expectancy, and leave room for God to come as he likes. Life is anything but predictable! Human nature is not fixed and settled. We live under hope. That hope is rested in God, not the situation. At the outset Simon is reluctant We toiled all night and took nothing! The words of a person who has already made the effort and failed. Why should he want to put himself in the position of failing again? How useless this all seemed. Many times quitting is the easiest thing to do once the challenge has lost its glamour in tedious endurance. But to his credit, Simon was willing to take the risk. at your word I will let down the nets, he replied. To their utter amazement, there was churning of the waters as the nets were drawn up, with all the silver bellies flip-flopping in the air and spraying foam everywhere. There was such a catch that they had to signal the men in the other boat to come and help them. Now both boats were loaded with fish. No matter how many times a person has failed there is always the chance that the next attempt will succeed. Victory belongs to the most persevering, said Napoleon. I cant explain it but I know there are powerful kinds of good that can come into a life of a person who continues to trust, and love, and holds on. Simon Peter saw beyond the miracle. He realizes the holiness of the One in his boat. He gets a glimpse of the power and knowledge of Christ. He falls before Jesus saying, Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, 0 Lord. Now, we come to the real meaning of the story. Theres more to life than full nets. One can have full nets and still have an empty life. Jesus said to Simon, Do not be afraid; henceforth you will be catching men. When they brought their boats to the land, they left everything and followed Jesus. You and I have been put on this earth for a more important purpose In Jesus Christ, God loves more than we can mess up. He wants us to return that love. The same power that caused Simon to fall at Jesus feet lifts him into Gods service. What a lesson! Three defeated men moved from empty nets to a full life by the power of Jesus Christ. Jesus invites you to follow him. When you say yes to that invitation, you, too, will discover how much he has to offer. Launch out into the deep and let down your nets and follow me. Youll be amazed at what God will do.

Organisational Dynamics and Culture of Mcdonalds

Organisational Dynamics and Culture of Mcdonalds McDonalds is spread across 31,000 restaurants all over the world and serves over 52 million people in about 119 countries each day. The company can be proclaimed as the worlds largest food retailer.  The work culture of McDonalds very much depends upon the manager. The managers do not try and put any vertical barriers between themselves and their employees. They display real concern for the emotions and well being of their employees. McDonalds corporate management focuses on training and leadership which is permeated at all levels through Hamburger University. On the university website, they quote McDonalds founder Ray Krocs ideology which is training-oriented: If we are going to go anywhere, weve got to have talent. And, Im going to put my money in talent. This shows that McDonalds considers its crew members as elements that cannot be replaced. Because training is not limited to just the top-level executives, McDonalds is able to ensure that its culture is spread at all levels and reinforced through education and promote that employees still remain important to the organization. Ravi Sharma, restaurant manager at McDonalds outlet in New Delhi concurs At McDonalds, the work operations are such that Ive been exposed to different aspects of business including finance and leading teams. This is one place where one can get complete orientation and training to lead and develop the organization. McDonalds offers different shift schedules so that everyone can achieve a good balance between their work and their personal lives. Some individuals want to work fulltime while some are part-time workers who have to fulfill some social obligations as well. The job being a low-skilled one, another employee can always step in to fill for a part-timer.  This provides a feeling of empowerment to the employees who can always adjust and allows for mutual trust to develop between manager and the employees on the basis of respect for each other. Saurabh Mishra, also a McDonalds restaurant manager at Lucknow agrees Such flexible schedules as well as wages which are competitively benchmarked, superior management training and other opportunities, such benefits help us believe that we are a valued part of our team. The success of McDonalds is based on a simplistic yet very effective formula which involves standardizing the service to the smallest detail, maintaining strict control on the quality of service and developing cost efficiencies by employing cheap, young, unskilled labour who is supervised by managers. The business grows by involving franchisees and entrepreneurs who really look forward to be associated with the brand. McDonalds is characterized by the importance of the system over the individual and breaking down the work into simplistic steps. As an assistant manager at one of the restaurants of McDonalds adds Little do people know that not just the management but even crew members require some talent. I see it everyday in my store and I feel proud at working with such people -the speed, planning of things, solving problems, taking care of hospitality, teamwork, and most importantly, a positive attitude In most organizations, norms do not result due to sharing of values among the members of the organisation; rather the rules and practices of the organization play a much bigger role in defining the culture thus, making both values and practices as the determinants of the culture and norms. With franchisees spread wide and far across the globe, the core values of McDonalds Quality, Service, Convenience and Value are inculcated deeply into managers who are trained at the Hamburger University, so that uniformity can be maintained all around. In performance of each task right from making eye contact to how to smile during transactions, a standard is maintained by the counter staff. Thus, in a system of command and control which is increasingly centralized, culture is characterized as an entity with limits but with definite identity and mannerisms. McDonalds approach is universal when taken in a context where standardization and integration are treated as foundations of the business. It is a methodical approach to doing business where emphasis on established practices and standards is important for smooth operations. This approach, which is somewhat bureaucratic, makes the employees behave in a certain manner during their work hours due to the influence of organizational practices which are under strong control. With their jobs being quite regulated, even employees who do not find favour with such tightly controlled work, adhere to these norms. This match between the ideas of the employee and the business is what acts as a cornerstone of success for McDonalds. VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF MCDONALDS The core values McDonalds live by McDonalds, worldwide stands for Q,S,C and V i.e. Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value which translates into providing customers high-quality products which are served pleasantly in a clean environment and at an affordable price McDonalds believes that it is important to invest in people as there are qualified people coming together from diverse backgrounds and it is important that they work together to ensure success for the organization Honesty and integrity to be the cornerstones for all business approaches and strategies Orienting and providing support to systems that ensure success Being proud of achievements but also having the intention to progress further The guiding principles Confidence to exceed customers expectations at every opportunity possible Corporate, Franchisees and Suppliers are the drivers of success for the organization McDonalds considers franchising as a priority and in collaboration with the franchisees, strives to make strategies that are beneficial for the customers VISION AND MISSION OF MCDONALDS To be the best and numero uno global fast food provider The mission for brand McDonalds is to become the customers favourite in defining the way they eat and also try to improve the operations to the level where it surpasses the expectations of the customers FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF MCDONALDS ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Strong organizational culture McDonalds has a very strong sense of its organizational history as they are proud of their single store humble origins which acts as a motivator for employees Globally supports the employment of youth by recognizing their contribution in the growth of the organization Encouraging pro-social initiatives like the Ronald McDonald Foundation for better relations with local communities Focus on retaining promising employees by offering good growth opportunities McDonalds emphasis on the process of Entry Socialization which is an effort at investing into potential leaders and grooming them for organizational excellence McDonalds employee-friendly offerings include flexible shift scheduling, incentive of free meals and provision of McCrew Care an elective health insurance option Frequent opportunities of promotion from within the system and also, more opportunities of a increase in salary DYSFUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF MCDONALDS ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Centralized decision-making structure: A very centralized scope of authority means that employee work profile consists of limited responsibility and lack of any opportunity to exercise individual initiatives Most employees are under the age of 20 and for most people, it is their first job. Employees thus, tend to identify more with their coworkers partly due to them not offering any decision-making input and a high-stress, fast-paced environment takes its own toll on the identification of the employees with the organization Tolerance for conflict is very low as it is important for employees to adhere to the work groups , individual initiatives are not encouraged and differing views remain muted to the level of employees and does not figure at the organizational strategy level Not much focus on implementing service motivators and few opportunities for recognition and growth in the present system except for those who plan to stay with the organization for a longer period of time EVALUATION OF MCDONALDS CULTURE: PROCESS CULTURE Procedural Complicity is important for employees Sticking to norms and procedures strictly Punctual and obedient people suit the structure of an ideal employee Authority-Obedience management rules the roost as interference in decision-making is reduced to bare minimum. The scope of authority is more centralized in practice as the decisions are made by top management while the crew members and lower-level staff just follow procedure Horizontal Division of Labor: There is specialization in labour and emphasis is there on conformity in the production of final output HOW CULTURE CAN CHANGE Facilitating the flow of communication in the organization by means of vertical decision-making Make efforts at alleviating job boredom and humiliation of the employees as they are the key for successful running of the restaurants Decentralization should become a more prominent determinant of future strategies of McDonalds Lower level managers should have more responsibility for decisions that are instrumental in bringing changes in the working of their branches Involvement of crew members in development of initiatives at innovating work structure and responsibilities Developing a Work-hard/Play-hard culture where employees derive satisfaction through increased involvement in work and make efforts at ensuring limited risk-taking individually Encouraging subordinates to take on more responsibilities in order to make them self-reliant in decision-making Ensuring that employee tasks are frequently rotated so that they become knowledgeable about different business skills which includes crucial skills like finance and accounting Take on more risks: Each franchisee must be allowed freedom in deciding promotion strategies and service offerings which are instrumental in increasing individual autonomy and improving relations with local community Ask employees to be a part of brand restructuring initiatives. For example Designing more attractive uniforms where employees feel proud in making a brand their own HOW TO IMPLEMENT CHANGE Employee responsibility and inclusion should be the focus for a new management strategy. Brain-storming sessions with employees, especially lower level employees which involves taking their inputs and suggestions for improvements and innovations in service offerings Create a new training program for newly-inducted restaurant employees that will focus on education, growth and responsibility and orientation for different tasks which are important for smooth operation of the business which include inventory control, budgeting, and scheduling Offer plans to help employees in continuing their education even while they work at McDonalds by paying for their education Create an outreach program for new managers, which is voluntary in nature, for 2 weeks a year wherein they go and work in their communities so that when they come back, they can provide insights on their communities to the organization for better offerings

The Problems with Voting in America Essay -- Politics Political Essays

The Problems with Voting in America If one were to look at the voting history as of late in America you would surely find information on the Florida catastrophe in 2000. The problem with our voting system today is in the technology being used; many demographic groups find our current systems confusing and hard to use. As voters step into the polling places this election year many will be voting through new devices some even sporting â€Å"touch screen† technology and we can only hope that the new technology is understood and accepted. In the US each municipality selects their own voting equipment regardless of what other places are doing. According to this CPSR article the Vote-O-Matic system has been in place for over ten years in many US counties and while some may view this technology as acceptable the Vote-O-Matic was a major player in the 2000 recount. Many municipalities have the funding to adopt new technology but others either feel uncomfortable with this change or don’t have the funding. The problem with the Vote-O-Matic is it uses paper ballots that consist of many...

Feminism In The Crime Film Genre Essay -- Women Females Movies Film Es

Feminism In The Crime Film Genre Throughout motion picture history, women have experienced more transition in their roles, as a result of changing societal norms, than any other class. At first, both society and the movie industry preached that women should be dependent on men and remain in the home, in order to guarantee stability in the community and the family. As time passed and attitudes changed, women were beginning to be depicted as strong willed, independent minded characters, who were eager to break away from convention. The genre of the crime film represents such a change in the roles handed to women. Two films that can be contrasted, in order to support this view, are: The Public Enemy by William Wellman (1931) and Bonnie &Clyde by Arthur Penn (1967).In The Public Enemy, women are portrayed as naive and/or objects of carnal pleasure by men. In this period, women were often categorized as mothers, mistresses, sisters, or ladies. Ma Powers (played by Beryl Mercer), the lead character Tom Powers’(played by James Cagney) mother, is easily fooled by Tom’s fake stories about where he get his money and doesn’t believe that her "baby boy" could be a vile gangster. At one point during prohibition, when Tom brings home a barrel of beer, she doesn’t even question where he obtained it, but rather takes a drink for herself. Ma Powers is the prototypical mother of the 1930’s. She is blind to the ways of the world and doesn’t see the danger of things, even in regard to her own children. She is a widow who does not work, but is supported by her sons. She is even blind to the fact that her sons hate one another. Even though, her Tom was sadistic killer and gangster, she always welcomes him back lovingly with open arms. At the end of the movie, she gets a phone call saying that Tom will be coming home from the hospital, where he had been treated for a gunshot. She rushes upstairs to make his bed and get his room ready, when the doorbell rings and the rival gang drops of Tom’s gun riddled body. The other women who appear in the movie are portrayed as fast women who are sexual object to be enjoyed by Tom, until he gets tired of them and then throws them away. In one famous movie seen, Tom doesn’t appreciate what his mistress moll Kitty (played by Mae Clarke) said to him, so he wickedly squeezes half of a grapefruit into her face. She is left there belit... ...onnie & Clyde first premiered on the big screen. The female roles in The Public Enemy were stereotypical of the roles handed to women in the 1930’s and also conveyed the zeitgeist of society. During the 1960’s, as indicated by Bonnie & Clyde, there was the emergence of the women’s role as a central character of the plot, one who was just as capable and omnipotent as the male lead character. She was a character that would not be controlled by society’s norms or be held captive to male authority. It is safe to say that Bonnie & Clyde, helped redefined the role for women in crime and action films. Many recent films, such as Basic Instinct (Paul Verhoeven 1992), Natural Born Killers (Oliver Stone 1993), and The Long Kiss Goodnight (Renny Harlin 1996), have emulated the strong, seductive leading role that Bonnie & Clyde helped define. It also helped further that idea that women can hold their own in the crime film genre, both in the box office and by public opinion, and through its innovation may have support ed the production of such preceding all-women crime films such as Thelma & Louise (Ridley Scott 1991), Set It Off (F. Gary Gray 1996) and Bound (The Wachowski Brothers 1996).

Meaning and Texture of the Seventh Poem in Leaves of Grass Essay

Meaning and Texture of the Seventh Poem in Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman's seventh poem in his work, Leaves of Grass, displays the subtlety with which the poet is able to manipulate the reader's emotions. In this poem there are no particular emotional images, but the overall image painted by word choice and use of sounds is quite profound. This poem, like many others written by Walt Whitman, is somewhat somber in mood, but not morose. It is serious, but not to the point of gloom. Whitman writes concerning the general idea that everything is merged together and is one. One cannot die without being born, just as one cannot be a mother without first having one. The purpose of the poem is to show those things that are real are true and holy, and even more importantly unified. In this poem he is speaking as some sort of omnipotent being, perhaps God or a soul. The tone or mood of the poem is delivered in the first stanza of the poem. He delves directly into birth and death, a sure sign that this poem will be no light reading. However, he uses a question to set the stage of the poem when he says, "Has anyone supposed it lucky to be born?" Questions are effective attention grabbers, but even more effective is Whitman's answer to the question. He produces an unorthodox response to the question, posing the answer that it is just as lucky to die. By giving such an odd answer to the question, he sets the stage for the rest of the poem presenting ideas not necessarily considered orthodox. The whole poem revolves around the idea that things must constantly be looked at from other viewpoints, and this initial stanza serves to illustrate this point well. The primary idea he sets forth in his poem is the idea ... ...et over. Whitman also uses commas in many of the longer lines. By doing this he forces the reader to slow down and not read the poem too quickly. The commas cause the reader to take in more because he/she will read the poem slower, and therefore read the poem as it was meant to be read. Whitman stresses the fundamental idea of nature in this, his seventh poem: Everything is dependent-no one can be independent from everything. Therefore, we are all essentially one giant organism. A fundamental unity exists in nature, and we are a part of it. Independence is a concept that nobody can truly understand, because everything is interdependent upon one another. The texture of the poem is very helpful in understanding its meaning. Whitman's structural brilliance shines through in this poem, helping the reader grasp the concept that all things are but one.

When Kids Get Life

In the Frontline video â€Å"When Kids Get Life† we were introduced to 5 cases in the state of Colorado where teenage boys had been sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. After watching the video I found myself struggling to have an objective opinion on the issue presented, mostly because of personal experiences being a victim of childhood abuse and also having a family member (my brother) murdered. I felt the video to be very one sided but I do find myself agreeing with the point the producers were trying to make.I feel that teenagers should have more opportunities at rehabilitation from crimes committed before the age of 21 then those criminals that are convicted after the age of 21. I also feel strongly that when it comes to teenagers and violent crimes that great emphasis needs to be placed on the motive for the crime, for example if there was long term abuse or neglect as well as any substance abuse involved, and what kind of support if any the child has ever had in their lives.In my opinion the age at which a person should be given life imprisonment is 21. I developed this opinion for three reasons. The first being my personal experience, there were two men involved in my brother’s murder one man was 26 at the time and the other was just barely 18, neither man was sentenced to any long term prison time but of the two the 18 year old has shown greater signs of rehabilitation.I have also had a lot of exposure to the darker side of society and I have seen more improvement come from the younger ‘criminals’ then I have from the older ones. My second reason is the overwhelming amount of scientific evidence regarding brain development and mental processes. According to the Time magazine article ‘What Makes Teens Tick’ Dr. Jay Giedd states that â€Å"The very last part of the brain to be pruned or shaped to its adult dimensions is the prefrontal cortex, home of the executive functions. This area of the brain is the part that allows adults to weigh the consequences of their actions.A teenager may understand the principles of right and wrong but lack the ability to realize the ramifications of any wrong they might do. In another article by Lee Bowman of the Scripps Howard News Service Deborah Yurgelun-Todd of Harvard Medical School and McClean Hospital says that â€Å"[When] shown a set of people’s faces contorted in fear, adults named the right emotion, but teens seldom did, often saying the person was angry. Yurgelun-Todd and her team performed this test using the fMRI and discovered an amazing difference in the parts of the brain being used. The adults used both the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala to process what they saw and younger teens relied entirely on the amygdala while older teens (oldest being 17) showed a progressive shift toward using the frontal cortex My third reason is the hormone factor according to an article published by the American Bar Association.One of the hor mones which has the most dramatic effect on the body in adolescence is testosterone. Testosterone is closely associated with aggression; it increases tenfold in adolescent boy. Considering all of this information I feel that 21 would be a better age to consider legal culpability of a person. I do not feel that teenage offenders of violent crime should go unpunished but life in prison seems to be an excessive punishment for a teenager incapable of comprehending the consequences of his actions.My last issue to address is the circumstances by which an offender should receive life imprisonment. I feel that when it comes to cases of long term abuse of any kind when a teenager is feeling pushed into a corner and the only way out is to ‘kill or be killed’ there will undoubtedly be a negative outcome. There is a long list of possible effects and none of them are positive anything from drug and alcohol abuse, to self harm, to suicide, to homicide. One researcher Phyllis L.Crocke r of Cleveland-Marshall College of Law wrote that â€Å"the nexus between poverty, childhood abuse and neglect, social and emotional dysfunction, alcohol, and drug abuse and crime is so tight in the lives of many capital defendants as to form a kind of social historical profile†. According to Dr. Chris Mallett, Public Policy Director at Bellefaire Jewish Children’s Bureau in Ohio more that 30% of death row juvenile offenders had experienced six or more distinct areas of childhood trauma with an overall average of four such experiences per offender.Mallett also found that such mitigating evidence was presented to juries in fewer than half of the offenders’ trials . That fact I find astonishing I feel passionately that the motivation behind a teenager’s violent act should play a very hefty role in the prosecution of any said act. The cases highlighted in the video ‘When Kids Get Life† were very disturbing to me because several of the cases invol ved long term sexual and psychological abuse and it appeared that no one took that into consideration at the time of trial.In conclusion I feel that no violent crime should be excused however life imprisonment should be reserved for those over the age of 21, or for the truly psychotic individuals out there in society. Any teenager that is convicted of a violent crime should be given prison time but then after a determined amount of time re-evaluate the person psychologically and determine level of rehabilitation. I believe that people (even criminals) can change in both directions good and bad, and teenagers have an even greater capacity to change for the better if guided in the right direction.

Industrial relations in European Union

The European Economic Council ( EEC ) which is now known as the European Union was established in the mid twentieth century as a consequence of the Treaty of Rome. It was set up after the World War II and it seeks to guarantee peace and betterment among member provinces. The European Union has some establishments that help in the transporting out its maps. These establishments include the Parliament, Council, Commission, Court of Justice and Central Bank. The European Union comprises of 27 member provinces which include Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands at its beginning in 1951. United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland besides joined in 1973 because of the success of the European Economic Commission. Other states to fall in were Greece ( 1981 ) , Spain and Portugal ( 1986 ) , Austria, Sweden and Finland ( 1995 ) . Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta besides joined in 2004 while Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . European integrating sought to better trade and investing every bit good as remove people barriers among its member provinces ( Hall and Marginson, 2005 ) . Each member province has ballots for the Council and seats in the European Parliament depending on its size. Since the 1980s, the European Union ‘s determination devising procedure has become a multi-level one which involves the different stakeholders on the determinations to be made ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Multi-level administration believes that the province does non hold full control over regional degree policy devising. Decision devising is jointly made by histrions at different degrees in the supra-national establishments ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . This paper seeks to look into the European Union to see how it patterns multi-level administration looking at its methods of operation, and its establishment like the European Commission and the European Works Councils. It besides looks at the European Union to see what occurred before multi-level administration and the different types of multi-level administration. Before the coming of multi-level administration, the European Union was said to be based on state-centric administration which believes that European integrating does non restrict but instead strengthens the power of each member province ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . It is believed that since the integrating is driven by dickering among member provinces, no authorities is forced to make more than it wishes because dickering provides the lowest benchmark of operation. They see national authoritiess as autonomous determination shapers giving small authorization to the European Union to accomplish policy ends. Member provinces are seen as the bench because they determine whether or non the policies decided upon are implemented in the provinces. Multi-level administration is nevertheless, now seen as prevalent in the European Union in the sense that the Union ensures that authorization and decision-making are shared among the â€Å" sub-national, national and supra-national † degre es of authorities with the parts being the sub-national, the provinces the national and the European Union being the supranational degrees of authorities ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Bache ( 2008 ) besides sees multi-level administration as an emerging tendency which was made to counter the state-centric position of the European Union between the 1960s and the eightiess. He stated that multi-level administration does non contend the major function of the authorities in member provinces in the decision- devising of the European Union but instead sees them as the most of import. In 2004, Bache and Flinders stated that there are two major types of multilevel administration, the Type I and the Type II. The foundation of the type I multi-level administration is seen to be federalism where the powers for decision-making are shared among the different stakeholders with power apportioned in hierarchal order – the parts holding less power than the state province, the state province ho lding less power than the Union and the European Union holding the highest signifier of authorization. They besides believe that the country of control of the parties involved does non overlap. Type I multi-level administration besides wants to cover all the facets of the European Union rank understanding. Type II multi-level administration on the other manus, sees the function of members as inter-related and inter-dependent. There is no hierarchy to legal power as it assumes that authorization is about equally shared between the Union and its members. The design is flexible because the understanding is seen to cover merely specific parts of the Union ‘s understanding and non in item, all facets of rank. Each degree of legal power has peculiar undertakings assigned to it ( Bache and Flinders, 2004 ) . The European Union is hence seen to rehearse type II multi-level administration because it is believed that no 1 has absolute power, but determinations are made with all members come together to dialogue ( Bache, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Samecki, European Union coherence policy is based on different degrees of partnership affecting the Union, its member provinces and the parts. The policy considers different fortunes and develops schemes that will enable the policy to work better and more efficaciously in each district. The Lisbon Treaty seeks regional and local co-operation among the Union ‘s member provinces. Bachtler and Yuill ( 2001 ) stated that since the origin of the Union, the focal point of its regional policies has been a narrow one aimed at commanding economic activities through industrial ordinances. Business AIDSs and substructure were the signifiers of aid provided by the Union and the criterion of operation was top-to-bottom. Decisions that concerned policies such as design and bringing were taken by the cardinal authorities. Demand was what drove the policies and made them proactive. By the 1980s, the policy focal point was changed and placed accent on liberalization, deregulating and denationalization of markets. Regional brotherhood was encouraged in order to cut down economic disparities. There was a displacement from the top-to-bottom attack to the bottom-to-top ( soft touch ) as member provinces could develop and implement their policies to cover with turning economic affairs. From the mid-1980s, regional growing was seen to be caused by betterment in originality which was through acquisition and interaction. Trade, labor and capital barriers were besides removed and Foreign Direct Investment was apparent. By 1988, regional strategic planning was seen, with each part fixing its program and later showing same to the European Union. These programs were carried out through local and regional partnerships ( Bachtler and Yuill, 2001 ) . Local and regional partnerships could besides be said to intend multi-level administration. Multi-level administration strengthens the democratic dimension of the European Union and increases the competency of its procedures. The Committee of Regions in the European Union considers multi-level administration to intend coordinated action. The focal point on administration in the European Union includes the rule of flexibleness and legitimacy. The image of the European Union encompasses its member provinces as there is truly no difference between national, regional ( European Union ) and international alteration drivers ( Kohler-Koch cited in Bache 2008 ) . The European Union takes off the power of liberty from the province by leting corporate decision-making among province authoritiess through assorted European establishments ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Vertical associations in the European Union, chiefly in Britain were seen in the Restoration of the English grade between 1987 and 1997 ( Bache, 2008 ) . In these times, structural financess constricted the â€Å" standard parts † as the official boundaries for the English regional dimension through the incorporate Government Offices ( GOs ) . Horizontal multi-level administration besides deals with corporate decision-making among member provinces and it besides encourages partnership as a manner of administration by supplying fiscal inducements for major histrions. The European Union ‘s policy coherence has mobilised stakeholders by supplying information every bit good as act uponing processs below the regional degree bring forthing a perpendicular consequence that streng thens the regional degree by supplying regional control ( Bache, 2008 ) . The European Commission has used different schemes to advance the coherence policy although these policies themselves do non alter in signifier ( Bache, 2008 ) . The European Commission is the civil service or administrative organic structure of the European Union. It is the decision-making arm of the Union and its place is in Brussels. The Commission is responsible for guaranting that the involvement of the Union is put above the involvement of single member provinces. It encourages societal spouses ‘ engagement in policy development. In 2006, the European Commission wanted to cut down unemployment among its member provinces every bit good as surrogate growing. This determination was made with peculiar focal point on research and development and to guarantee best patterns among member provinces and societal security ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . The Commission has the duty of urging new Torahs in the Union, while the Parliament and Council seek to guarantee the acceptance of these Torahs. On September 22, 1994, the Council of Ministers agreed to the European Works Council Directive ( EWC Directive ) and it was passed in the national statute law by September 22, 1996. An employer is obligated to set up a European Workers Council if the employer provides work for a lower limit of a 1000 employees within member provinces and at least one hundred and 50 employees in each of two member provinces ( FEDEE, 2009 ) . The company must react within six months to a documented petition from at least 100 employees or their representatives in at least two constitutions in at least two member states. A ‘special negotiating organic structure ‘ ( SNB ) will be set up. It will hold between three and 17 members. All member provinces where the concern has employees must be represented by at least one member. Simple bulk will be used to find the result of the vote. Management will in a written understanding with the Particular Negotiating Body determine the capacity, work, maps , and proviso of office of the European Works Council ( FEDEE, 2009 ) . The Particular Negotiating Body may be helped by other people and administrations and may besides make up one's mind, by two-thirds bulk, to halt dialogues. Financial duties for the dialogue between the Special Negotiating Body and the direction are borne by the latter. The direction and the Particular Negotiating Body will run into in order to make an understanding on how the Works Council will run. Workers involvement must be reflected in the meeting. If direction fails to take action in response to a legitimate petition within six months, or both parties are unable to wrap up an understanding within three old ages from the day of the month of the petition, a default contract which will be set out in an extension to the Directive shall use. The European Works Council ( EWC ) is to be used by Europe to rehearse planetary unionism ( Blapain and Dickens, 2008 ) among Multi-national Corporations. This Council seeks to increase international commonalty among its member provinces every bit good as addition the range of labor and employment ordinances. The European Works Council seeks non merely to supply information to the employees of big trans-border administrations but besides to see if European ordinances are followed in the administration every bit good as the impact on the international employees. Under the European Works Council, it is likely for direction to keep back some critical information which if discussed would damage the operation of the endeavor concerned. The Particular Negotiating Body is dissolved after the Works Council is formed. In states like Germany and the Netherlands, the Works Council are statutory commissariats by jurisprudence and the determine employee rights refering some issues while the United Kingdom is yet to subscribe the European Works Council Directive into jurisprudence. The European Works Council is hence seen as an avenue for corporate bargaining between the employers and the employees as they are the two societal spouses involved in decision-making in that administration. It will make an avenue for the staff in the United Kingdom particularly, to hold the legal right to be up to day of the month and discuss affairs refering to concern and employment dealingss if they so desire ( Marchingt on and Wilkinson, 2008 ) . The European societal theoretical account involves societal spouses in the development of policies and initiates societal duologue at the European Union degree. Social duologue, harmonizing to the European Commission ( 2002 ) is the driving force behind successful economic and societal activities. Social duologue at the Union degree got to its extremum with the debut of the â€Å" dialogue path † into the Maastricht societal chapter which enables the Commission to do directives in the signifier of adhering ordinances out of the understanding reached among societal spouses. Since the 1980s, the European Commission observed that the development of European Industrial Relations required â€Å" strong and capable societal spouses † and societal duologue was thereby used together with other directives to accomplish this end ( EC 1988:88-89 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Social duologue was seen as really of import because it helps the European Union in construc ting its establishments and is besides seen as a possible joint regulative process ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . There are two types of societal duologue understanding – the dialogue path and the independent understanding ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . The dialogue path involves the European Commission confer withing with the societal spouses on subjects and issues that need to be discussed in order to make a common land. If these societal spouses agree, so their determinations are adhering but if they fail to hold, the concerned establishment ( s ) intervene based on the European Union ‘s directives ( EC 2002a: 17 and EC 2004 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Different understandings have been reached at different times, they include parental leave ( 1995 ) , fixed term contract ( 1999 ) , nomadic working in civil air power ( 2000 ) , ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Autonomous understanding on the other manus, involves determinations being made with the Commission ‘s invasion and are carried out by co-operative understanding or Council determination requested by societa l spouses ( EC 2003 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Examples include tele-work ( 2002 ) and work related emphasis ( 2004 ) . Marginson and Sission ( 2006 ) stated that the European Union purely adhered to the impression of corporate bargaining. Corporate bargaining could take topographic point with one employer, different employers in the same industry or across the different industries within the state or brotherhood. It can besides take topographic point with the trade brotherhood entirely, trade brotherhoods and authorities and with the plants council or groups. It can cover with different issues runing from rewards, restructuring of the administration, employment state of affairss among others. Corporate bargaining can assist the employers every bit good as other stakeholders of the administration to make understandings about the assorted issues that affect them ( Marginson and Sission, 2006:55 ) . Corporate bargaining is besides seen to assist set up the manner cer tain issues that pertain to industrial dealingss should be handled such that there is sensible benefit to all the spouses in the society. Corporate bargaining besides helps in transporting out understandings that have been reached by the spouses ; illustration is the 1993 Working Time Directive ( Marginson and Sission, 2006:57 ) . European Employment Strategy ( EES ) makes usage of the engagement of societal spouses as they are considered of import to governance. Member provinces are expected to guarantee good disposal of employment policies every bit good as wide partnership for alteration by the meeting together of parliamentary organic structures and stakeholders. ( Council 2005a: 23 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Soft ordinance is now in pattern to back up the result of the cross-sector societal duologue even with new possibilities of dialogue envisaged by the Maastricht Treaty. The European policy is based on a theoretical account of a European public assistance p rovince where societal policy is seen as portion of economic policy. The Open Method of Co-ordination ( OMC ) got its derivation from the Lisbon European Council but before so it occurred in other council meetings like the Luxembourg, Cardiff and Cologne where different policy enterprises started. ( Hodson and Mahner, 2001 ) . It entails mark scene and sees societal duologue as a end affecting marks across a scope of indexs. Social duologue is now seen as a signifier of managerialism ( Cutler and Waine, 2000 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Social spouses sometimes give response to guidelines ( EC, 2002a: 14-15 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . In the Open Method of Coordination, societal spouses in each member province provide advice, consult and negotiate on the assorted avenues that can be used to make labour market marks. The Luxembourg procedure made the proviso of the Employment Chapter of the Treaty. It was made to further efficiency in the labor market by supplying equal chances, doing both sides of the industry adaptabl e, encouraging entrepreneurship and bettering employability. ( Hodson and Maher, 2001 ) . The procedure begins with the European Council following â€Å" employment guidelines † that shows the employment policy ‘s precedences. Each member province will do its ain National Action Plan on how it aims to prosecute the guidelines. The Commission and the Council will so look into the programs and base on balls recommendations where necessary on the public presentation of each member province ( Hodson and Maher, 2001 ) . In Denmark, Belgium and Ireland, all societal spouses are involved in the procedures and process for decision-making with peculiar mention to the issues that relate to them while in some other states like Spain and Greece, merely some societal spouses are involved, for illustration the Employers ‘ Confederation ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . The Lisbon Council defined the Open Method of Co-ordination as utilizing cosmopolitan benchmarks and doing European Union guidelines unique to the states and parts by taking the differences between member provinces into history in order to supervise, measure and reexamine states ‘ public presentation on a regular footing ( Council 2000: parity 1:1837 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . In decision, the European industrial dealingss will non wholly wipe out industrial dealingss in the member provinces but instead, it will go on to develop ( Streek, 1998 ) . The different organizational constructions that exist between the European Union and its member provinces will still go on to be as the European Union does non hold full authorization over the financial and pecuniary policies of its member provinces ( Streek, 1998 ) . Multi-level administration can hence be seen to be in employment dealingss to the extent that merely some societal spouses in the employment relationship like the European Works Council, the Employer Organisations and other European Trade Unions are involved in some determinations made about the Union. The states besides play a important function because states like Germany France and the Netherlands have embraced quite a figure of the European Union ‘s Directives and have improved on them doing their industrial dealingss policies better than states like the United Kingdom which follows merely the barest minimal criterion of the European Union ‘s Directives. The Working Time Directive for illustration was signed by the European Union in 1993 but was non implemented in Britain boulder clay 1997 and besides, the issue of the European Works Council which will non be implemented till April 2010. However, Samecki ( 2009 ) suggests that since the European Union wants to accomplish promotion, multi-level administration should make the grassroots so that single citizens would be encouraged to acquire involved. Multi-level administration is progressively being seen to capture the shifting and unsure forms of administration in the European Union.MentionsBache I. And Flinders M. ( 2004 ) , Multilevel Governance ( ed. ) , Oxford University Press, New York.Bache I. ( 2008 ) , Europeanization and Multilevel Governance: Empirical Findingss and Conceptual Challenges, University of Oslo, April 15, 2008, Arena Centre for European St udies, .Bachtler J. and Yuill D. ( 2001 ) , Policies and Strategies for Regional Development: A Shift in Paradigm, Industrial Policy Research Paper, University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, 46.Benz A. ( 2007 ) , Accountable Multilevel Governance by the Open Method of Coordination. European Law Journal, 13,4.Blapain R. , Dickens L. et Al ( 2008 ) , Challenges in European Employment Relations ; Employment Regulation, Trade Union, Organization, Equality, Flexicurity, Training and New Approaches to Pay. Kluwer Law International, the Netherlands.EUROPA ( 2009 ) , Gateway to the European Union, hypertext transfer protocol: //europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm accessed November 25, 2009.FEDEE ( 2009 ) , Employees Work Council, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fedee.com/ewc1.html accessed November 25, 2009Gold, M. , P. Cressey and E. Leonard ( 2007 ) ‘Whatever happened to societal duologue? From Partnership to Managerialism in the EU Employment Agenda ‘ , European Journal of Ind ustrial Relations, 13, 1: 7-25.Hodson D. and Maher I ( 2001 ) , The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance ; The Case of Soft Economic Policy Coordination in Wallace H. ( erectile dysfunction ) , The Changing Politics of the European Union. Journal of Common Market StudiesHooghe L. and Marks G. ( 2001 ) , Multilevel Governance and European Integration. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Maryland, USA.Marchington M. And Wilkonson A. ( 2008 ) , Human Resource Management at Work ; People Management and Development, CIPD, London.Marginson P. and Sisson K. ( 2006 ) , European Integration and Industrial Relations ; Multilevel Governance in the Making. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.Samecki P. ( 2009 ) , European Commission Responsible for Regional policy, Multilevel Governance in European Commission. Probationary Hof-Bruges ( Belgium ) , September 22, 2009. Conference on Multilevel Governance in European Commission. SPEECH/09/417

Education and Poverty Essay

How College Admissions Favor Wealthy Students Over Underprivileged Minorities The growing debate over whether college admissions are partial by overstressing standardized tests and GPA has become a very controversial topic in the realm of education. Numerous students argue that the admission process is unfair in placing a greater emphasis on certain stressed requirements, such as the ACT/SAT, while neglecting to examine the whole applicant. Those who argue against the admission policy believe that each student in the United States comes from a very diverse background, and each application should be looked into with intricacy, rather than regarding just their requirements. Although those requirements are generally what the admission people look for in what they perceive as a quality student, those who argue against it feel that it is best not to overlook a student who overcame tremendous adversity, but just may have needed a point or two to get admitted. The central argument against c ollege admissions has to do with whether challenging life conditions outside of school, for a student who is economically disadvantaged, should be weighted more than the slightly higher grade of a student with a different socioeconomic background in college admissions. In some cases, high school students must work full-time in order to support their families. If a college had to choose between a student who did not need to support his or her family and got a 33 on his or her ACT, and another student with a 29 on their ACT who worked almost full-time to support a family, which would be more likely to get accepted into an Ivy League college if both students had the same 4.0 GPA, classes, and amount of important clubs, etc.? Odds are, the one with the higher ACT will get selected, and those who debate the issue feel that this is where it becomes inequitable. Students argue that working over thirty hours per week while taking the same challenging classes classes shows better work ethic than a student who has an extra thirty hours a week to study. There are a variety of refugees and immigrants who fled their homelands because of jobs, famines, wars, or particular life threatening circumstances, with very  little resources to bring with them. For this reason, it is very difficult for them to absorb the opportunities that well-settled students have. This includes private schooling, tutors, standardized test practices, etc. This gives domestic affluent students a better chance to succeed, due to better overall educational opportunities. The education at a private school is superior to that of a public school because of higher set standards and a very well disciplined system. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, author Eric Jensen exemplifies a chart indicating that family income correlates significantly with children’s academic success (10). For poor students, a negative correlation is drawn with absenteeism, the factor that most closely relates to dropout rate. For tests like the ACT and SAT, deprived minorities are at the disadvantage because English would be their second language. Some think that most colleges overlook several variables that determine a student’s mental capacity. That is why some educators debate that their needs to be more of a holistic approach because sometimes, a certain factor can stunt a student success, when they may have the abilities to become the next Einstein. The economic value of a particular place or education is how willing a family is to relocate to provide their childr en with higher education potential; this can be measured by the pricing of housing. Majority of migrant families do not have the ability to relocate and provide better education for their children, meaning that they have to accept being in poverty and not having a strong educational background (Paleso 3). The SAT has frequently been criticized for providing a cultural advantage for â€Å"wealthy whites.† In the website article, â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students,† Haleigh Collins states that tests like the ACT and SAT have been blamed for widening the achievement gap between whites and minorities. While the math section is objective, the critical reading section and writing section describe topics associated mostly with the white demographic. Often the passages are about subjects that white, upper class students are more exposed to. The verbal section favors white students by using language with which they are more familiar than non-white students. Collins also mentions that for 23 years Roy Freedle, a psyc hologist who works with ETS (the nonprofit â€Å"Educational Testing Service† that develops, administers, and scores standardized tests), has been working to prove that these emphasized ACT and SAT tests give  whites an unfair advantage. His studies show that minority scores significantly lag when compared to whites of equal economic status. As mentioned above, wealthier test takers benefit from being able to afford tutors that cost up to hundreds of dollars an hour to private college counselors; students with means and access to additional help can often bring their scores up significantly. For example, several students see a great increase in their scores after practicing these tests and taking them over and over. Just through coaching and exposure to the tests, they start seeing trends, which enable them to do a lot better. Students who can’t afford or don’t have access to this are at a huge disadvantage. Unfortunately, situations such as this occur often. John Overton High School student Amad Amedy, a full time worker and athlete with an ACT composite score of 29 and a 3.9 GPA, stated that he felt college admissions are crooked. He believed that a underprivileged student who works full time and is more active in after-school clubs and sports should be weighted equally, if not higher, than a student who has just decided to focus and do well in school only, especially if they are not that much more accomplished than the working, social student. He discussed that sometimes students get home late from work and do not have time to study because they need to sleep in order to wake up and take an important test in the morning. Amedy concluded by saying that a well-rounded student will use his extensive knowledge of various trades that he picked up from experience to get further than someone who just stays at home and studies, and that the social and vocational skills earned by working and engaging in extracurricular activities are as valuable as the intellect gained from studying textbooks and researching academic journals. Another John Overton High School student, Benjamin Demonbreun, who is an unemployed student, salutatorian, and National Merit Semifinalist, with a 33 composite on the ACT and a GPA of 4.0, strongly disagreed with Amedy. Ben believed that the standard requirements were a good way to determine who should be accepted into prestigious universities. He argued that students such as himself worked extremely hard, da y in and day out, in what they have needed to do, which is get exceptional grades. Alongside Benjamin, students contest that although they may have had a slightly greater advantage, it does not mean that students such as Amedy have worked harder than them or deserve it more, solely because they do a  few things outside of school. Ben discussed that he has never needed to support a family; school has always been his priority. He believes that emphasis on standardized tests and GPA should not be dismissed by any means because they are a huge determining factor for work ethic, knowledge, and college readiness. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, Jensen illustrates a few action steps such as more empathy towards the life of a migrant student (11). This better understanding may allow for a more lax curriculum that allows the student some wiggle room. Such steps are seen in MNPS with a new grading policy allowing retakes until students achieve mastery. A few universities have started to become familiar with this situation, due to growth in immigrant populations in the Un ited States. There have been some universities who have abandoned SAT and ACT scores as a means of selection. A growing amount of selective universities, predominantly Ivy League, are beginning to adopt a holistic admissions policy because the holistic approach is very thorough in evaluating the whole of the applicant, rather than reduce the applicant to a few pieces of empirical data, such as test scores and GPA. The holistic policy offers students a chance to show their accomplishments in several distinct ways, rather than only test scores and grade histories, giving people such as Amedy an opportunity to attend a high-status university and receive a wonderful education. With this policy we may see minorities provide a different perspective in different professions that help advance society and technology. Works Cited Amedy, Amad. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Collins, Haleigh. â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students†. PolicyMic. 12 September 2011. Web. 1 April 2014. Demonbreun, Benjamin. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Freedle, Roy. Interview. 1 April 2014. Jensen, Eric. Teaching With Poverty In Mind. 2009. EBook’s (10-11), Web. 8 April 2014. Polese, Mario. The Wealth And Poverty Of Regions: Why Cities Matter. 2009. EBook’s (3). Web. 13 April 2014.

Human Virtues Essay

Virtues consist of a set of character strengths, these strengths represent good character. They are wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Wisdom and courage are two virtues that my Grand Father encompassed. He was a very strong and knowledgeable man. His life revolved around going against all odds, he truly believed in beating whatever he was at battle against. His perseverance was with him till the day he died. He passed away at the age of 65, he wasn’t that old, yet he was a very wise man. His personality was filled with love, care and compassion for others. Very open-minded, when he met someone he was the one who always found the good in them, no matter who they were. If a situation would arise, he never just considered what was likely to occur, he looked at the â€Å"whole† picture. His love for learning was obvious, one of his hobbies was reading. When asked why, he would reply, â€Å"the more you read, the more you know†. He was a stickler for making us do well in school. He wanted each of us to have a good education to build our lives out of. He was a Lieutenant in the Federal Prison System for 25 years, after retiring from the Army, his life here was to provide for and protect his family, which he done with a happy, energetic, and determined attitude. His gratitude for life was amazing, he taught us all the meaning of Live, Laugh, Love. He walked this life on faith, while teaching others how to do the same along the way. Although his life at home was well rounded and energized by his love, his life at work was a very emotional one. It became as if life in prison, was life for him too. He developed emotional attachments to the inmates, He cared for them, he knee their situations, and he knew why they were there. His courage allowed him to become involved in their lives, which paid off in his favor the night he and some others were held hostage in Virginia Federal Prison, by a convicted serial killer. Yet once again, he put forth is faith, his knowledge and courage and talked the inmate down. He helped release the others, and saved many lives includ8ng his own. Wisdom and courage I think are two virtues that we all should possess. I try to live by good character, I think back on all of the talks me and my Grand Father had, and all the years in between. I smile and think to myself, â€Å"yes, I sure wish I could be just like him†.

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks Research Paper

The ouster of Vikram Pandit, and what that means for big banks - Research Paper Example This paper will address Pandit’s ouster, and describe how this major event in Citigroup will influence the future operations of Citibank, as well as other banks in the same industry. Mr. Pandit took over as the bank’s CEO in 2007 when the bank was in a financial turmoil, but slightly recovered the profitability of the bank in 2010. Under Pandit’s management, much of Citi’s resources were devoted for future profitability. Expanding market to the developing countries was a prospective Pandit held (David, Suzanne, and Dan 1-2). The reasons offered for Pandit’s ouster emanate from struggles to recover from past financial crises at the bank. Mr. Pandit was forced to resign after the board of Directors at Citi bank felt that he managed the bank poorly. The board also claimed lack of appropriate communication from the CEO on vital business matters. During the tenure of Pandit, the shares of Citigroup fell by 89%, which resulted in a revolt by shareholders over his executive pay. The Federal Reserve also rejected Citigroup’s plan to purchase back stock. In addition, there was a $2.9 million write-down by Morgan Stanley, of a brokerage joint venture. All these unfortunate happenings can be numerically represented, but most probably point to poor judgment, rather than day-to-day oversight of specific business units (David 2). Michael Corbat, Pandit’s replacement, may not perform as Pandit, who was credited a well performer, who knew the positions of the bank inside out. Corbat’s strategic directions for future of the company are also still uncertain. Many challenges Corbat, as he will feel the pressure of impressing quickly, since the bank’s shareholders are now frustrated about the bank’s uncertainty. Citigroup investment bank is a potential victim of shrinkage. It is enormous, but with uneven revenue since the times of the financial crisis. This continued decline has to be addressed in order to gain stability again. Mr. Corbat will also have to deal with the â€Å"black box† reputation of the bank. Observations show that the bank’s disclosures are not as comprehensive as those of other banks are. In order to regain the confidence of investors, Corbat has to tackle this issue also. Consumers should expect to feel the difference between Citi managed by Pandit, and Citi managed by Michael Corbat, Pandit’s successor. This kind of transition at Citi may not positively influence on the financial health of the US banking industry, and the general US economy. This is because Citi is a bank that has been considered ‘important’ by the regulators, amid financial crisis. It is a troubled bank, and still struggles to gain stability. Pandit was a CEO that had set out to turn around the case of Citi bank, and ensure its total economic recovery. However, by firing such a dedicated CEO, Citi bank risks continued vulnerability to financial crises. The shareholde rs of Citi bank continue to be adversely affected by the bank’s prolonged stagnation in financial instability. However, more parties will feel the pinch of this as it will affect the whole banking industry as well as the national economy. Citi is in the process of repairing its balance sheet, it is then expected that it will cut down on customer lending, in a bid to save more. Its customers will not access