Social problem - elder care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social problem - elder care - Essay Example re services to their elderly parents, may hope not to find themselves facing such care needs, and may not face a legal requirement that they do so or face a requirement that is not enforced. The children may not, in fact, ever face such needs because some percentage of the elderly reaches the end of life without developing personal-care needs. The need to care for a child is in nearly all cases a temporary situation, followed by a transition a lengthy and gradual transition, to be sure - to the capacity for self-care associated with independent living as an adult. However, the transition into disability during old age may occur gradually or rapidly, and is likely to signal the onset of an irreversible state of dependency, one that will end only in death. Thus, for several reasons elder care merits, and receives, special attention. Yet, elder care and other major types of care work, such as caring for young children, share many common elements: much of the care is provided in private households and is done so "informally" by family members; the care entails heavy use of time inputs; care is provided more often by women than by men; the care effort imposes costs in many intangible domains upon those who do it; and, the caring produces benefits for society at large. Both the costs and the benefits are hard to quantify, in principle and in practice. (Arno, P., Levine, C., and Memmnott, M, 1999) Although different countries exhibit considerable variation in the types and generosity of publicly funded programs with which to meet the care needs of older people, the family remains "everywhere the most important provider† of such care. There is a voluminous research literature concerned with the nature, extent, components, and consequences of informal care provided to disabled elders. Much of that work is based on small, local-area samples, but in recent years a number of national-level data sources have become available with which to study elder care. One of the most

Most Interesting Day of My Life Essay Example for Free

Most Interesting Day of My Life Essay But, culture is something that you cannot actually see, except through its physical manifestations in your work place. Culture is especially influenced by the organization’s founder, executives, and other managerial staff because of their role in decision making and strategic direction. Culture is the behavior that results when a group arrives at a set of generally unspoken and unwritten rules for working together. Culture is not usually defined as good or bad, although aspects of your culture likely support your progress and success and other aspects of life. â€Å"Employees learn the culture of their workplace by seeing how people react in various situations and by understanding what is important to management by observing what they do (more than by what they say)†. â€Å"Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a group of people†. How employees learn culture? Culture is transmitted to employees in a number of ways . An organization’s culture is made up of all of the life experiences each employee brings to the organization. The following points is more significant in learn culture. * Stories * Rituals * Material symbols * Language Stories: Stories such as these circulate through many organizations. They typically contain a narrative of events about the organization’s founders, rule breaking, rags-to-riches successes, reduction in the workforce, relocation of employees, reactions to past mistakes, and organizational coping. These stories anchor the present in the past and provide explanations and legitimacy for current practices. The stories reflect what made progress and what it will take to continue that success.

Impact of Transnational Corporations on NICs

Impact of Transnational Corporations on NICs Introduction What are TNCs? Trans National Corporations (TNCs) are companies which operate in at least 2 countries. Its organization is very hierarchical with the headquarters as well as research development often located in the mother country. Production centers tend to be host countries. When organization becomes more worldwide regional headquarters and regional research development will widen in the manufacturing countries. This gives TNCs many advantages, such as right of entry to the global market, cheap labor, low production costs, consequently greater profits. The headquarters of these remains in its mother country, usually one of the most developed countries in the world, like USA UK. Their established factories throughout the world, which either make parts or entire finished goods for the company to sell on the global market. Among all the TNCs in the world, Most of them are oil companies such as Exxon (Esso) BP, car manufacturing companies (for instance Toyota, Ford, Nissan and Volkswagen). Other familiar companies like Sony, IBM and Coca-Cola are also defined as being TNCs. Trance National Corporations are established globally for their advantages, to earn more profits. They bring with them both positive and negative impacts for the country that plays host to them. Top 10 TNCs in 2009 TNCs manufacturing high-tech Scientific instructions, pharmaceuticals microelectronics, (Mitsubishi, Sony, Glaxo- Smithkleine) Large volume consumer goods Tyres, Motor vehicles, televisions other electronic products (Toyota, Daimler, Ford, Volkswagen, General Motors) 3) Mass produced consumer goods cigarettes, beverages, breakfast cereals, cosmetics branded goods (Mars, Uniliever, Nestle, Kraft foods) 4) Service Banking/ insurance, freight transport, advertising, hotel chains and fast food outlets (IN group, AXA, citigroup, HSBC, Allianz, Dexia) TNCs organize manage economic activities in different regions develop trade inside between units of the similar corporation in different regions. It means they can often control the terms of trade and can diminish the effect of quota boundaries on the movement of products, go around trade tariffs. Advantages to TNCs TNCs have the ability to take advantage of spatial differences in factors of production. They can utilize differences in the accessibility of labor, capital, and building or land costs. e.g. 2002 Dyson moved its production from a plant in Malmesbury, Wiltshire to Malayasia to take advantage of cheap labor. Dyson did retain several hundred jobs in Wiltshire for RD saving of 30% in production costs0 They can locate to take advantage of government policies such as lower taxes, subsidies and grants and less strict legislation on employment and pollution. They can get round trade barriers by locating production within the market where they want to sell. E.g. Nissan in Sunderland, Toyota in Derby. Japanese car firms have been attracted to locations in the EU because of quota restrictions on the import of Japanese made vehicles into European manufacturers and gain entry to the European market What are NICs? Country that has within recent decades experienced a get through into rapid productivity growth, rapid export oriented economic growth, quick industrialization farther a high amount of investment and assets formation largely funded from local savings, and a high tendency to export, with end user durables and machinery accounting for a large share of exports. Superior examples are South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore. These countries invest capital and production facilities in other developing countries like China, Vietnam, India, and some countries in South East Asia. Within 20th century lots of East Asia countries were industrialized such as South Koria, Taiwan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Japan. These states are called as Newly Industrialized Countries or (NICs). They are also sometimes referred to as Tiger Economies because of the growth rate of these counties. The governments of NICs controlled over industrial development motivated industries to export manufactured products to abrade such as more developed states. The exports profits were re-invested in the local economy. Local businesses did grow; wages rose workers did spend their new assets to buy domestic goods and services thus motivating further growth. This type of rotation or knock-on effect, in which money paid out by businesses is reinvested inside the country, is often called the multiplier effect. NICs have been being succeeded for the last 30 years. That successfulness of these economies has contributed to the turn down of manufacturing industries in MEDCs like UK. Industries struggled to compete with the NICs competition, because their production cost and wages were very low. Characteristics of NICs Countries whorled market exporter share is increasing, they often copying existing products then reproducing for a much low price. Continues growth in the production sector that results for more exports continues increasing of GDP. Generally NICs Can be developed by three stagers, thats traditional society to a developed country society. Three stagers are explained below. The time frame of whole process can be minimum 30 years. Traditional society: There are more labors work under the industry, its labor oriented. Concentrating on small cottage-style traditional industries, concentrated on local raw materials. Instance could include food processing, textile manufacture Most of the time, lots of people are still work in the primary sector, doing things include farming. Using primary technologies most of the people have less money. Import the products what they want, that indicate county is not producing what they actually needed addicted to import products. Import substitution industries: The country does promote its own industries. Newly started companies imitate products from well known market giants and then produce them for low price. The government operates tariff barrios for the products are being imported trades that make similar products. The purpose of that is protecting their own domestic companies whilst they grow. Instance industries are computer manufacture, car manufacture, electronic goods and other electrical goods, like hi-fis. Export orientated industries: The new companies established in their own country they are unleashed upon the global market. Industries are being capital intensive, using high technology aimed at earning a big profit. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the country starts to increase, mostly growing at well over 5% per year which is a wonderful rate. Now the country has been being an NIC. How do TNCs affect to the NICs economy their environment? Investment: Advantages: The companies earn, invest, bring foreign currency into the country. Though most of their earnings come back to the companys country of host, all the remunerations do come to the local economy Disadvantages: The salaries paid to host country workers are very low and a lot of companies have been accused of exploiting the workforce before benefiting it. There are often tax incentives for these TNCs to locate in countries in the Developing World. Due to the fact that they get lots of their profits out of the country that says the real economic benefit to the country could be limited. Technology: Advantages: TNCs help the development of the NICs by bringing in latest technology and new knowledge that the host country doesnt use. Disadvantages: Unless the company actively participates in a program to educate local companies in the new technologies, the countrys industry will not really benefit. TNCs are not going to share too much information. If the local industry competition will increase because of new knowledge TNCs have to compete even with the local companies. Transport: Advantages: The new TNCs mostly help to develop transport links around the company area. Disadvantages: Mostly serve only the direct roads, rails that needs of the company, not the surrounding area as well. Employment: Advantages: They create jobs opportunities for the NICs domestic employees. Disadvantages: Most of the jobs opportunities are highly skilled so the company uses their own people to do the work. Because of the technological environment of these companies. Remain less jobs opportunities. Urbanization -launching a TNC in a city in NIC does encourage urbanization. Young migrant workers gather to the city. It influence to the rural communities their development Environment/Safety: Advantages: Companies bring with them the environmental friendly technologies expertise to decrees harmful pollution establish a safe working environment. Disadvantages: a lot of TNCs have very bad history on pollution and worker safety. They have been complained of trying to cut both safety of working environment and environmental pollution in order to keep costs down. . Overall impact to the Economic growth Development of NICs can be potentially promoted by transnational corporations through their activities that generate economic growth. Some evidence exists that the foreign exchange and foreign direct investment that TNCs provide can improve the performance of the economy of the NICs which they operate in. The process of economic growth is impacted by the TNCs through influencing the quality and amount of new capital formation, transfer of soft and hard technology, expansion of trade opportunities and the development of human resources. Further, Such as Province of China, Taiwan, and South Korea demonstrate, that under some conditions economic growth can foster social development. For example in Taiwan, enormous growth of economy has been combined with increased educational levels, longer life spans, improved health conditions, advanced housing conditions, political liberalization and enhanced civil liberties. Theoretically TNCs can uplift the development of the NICs society by fostering economic growth; practically this relationship exists for two reasons. Mainly, in the host countries it is not clear whether transnational corporations are really responsible for the growth of economy. In the most recent two notable cases related to economic transformation, Taiwan and South Korea, a negligible role was played by transnational corporations. Further, TNCs actually have the ability to prevent NICs local economic growth by running local entrepreneurs out of the business zone, along with the importing of main goods and services, reducing large amounts of the profits from their local NICs, and transferring royalties and fees to the main companies which are located away from the host economy. Secondly, even if the economy of the NIC is not developing, there is a tenuous relationship between social development and economic growth. Even though there is an global economic growth annually, it is yet hard to prevent the problems of poverty, unemployment, inequality in wealth, and such other issues of social malaise. For example In Cote dIvoire, from 1960 to 1975 the TNCs could have helped to foster aggregate the growth of the economy, they did only a very little to uplift the development of the society: increase in unemployment, income distribution expanded and nationals increasingly started losing the control over the industrial capacities of the country. In some, under some circumstances TNCs can act as the engines of growth of economy, the power of economy is very rarely harnessed to the achievement of development. Overall impact to the Environment Transnational corporations can have a negative impact through a demotion of resources in the environment to the social development. And over the past ten years such entities had been responsible for environmental disasters. For an example, Union Carbide in Bhopal, India, Exxons Valdez spill off Alaska, and Texaco in Ecuador. To a group of environmental problems TNCs have been linked. Fifty percent of the green house emissions are generated by them, in which they are responsible for global warming. Furthermore they are also the users of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and they are also producers of CFCs. Explaining further, transnational corporations are responsible for the pollution of land, air, wetlands, water and the oceans. Ultimately, through their mining activities and commercial logging, there is a contribution to deforestation by the TNC. For example in the mid-1980s, there was a control of 90per cent of the logging by the foreign corporations in Gabon and in Congo it was 77 per cent. As a result of such mining and logging negative effects such as flooding, loss of topsoil rapid run-off of rain have occurred; Farmers are economically not in a rich status to buy the land from forest owners and usually TNCs dont internalize such social costs. Hence such negative externalities cannot be p revented. The relationship between TNCs and the environment is massively complex even though transnational corporations can definitely obstruct social development through their environmental practices .But yet the Critics dont mention that consumption of environmental resources should be abstained by transnational corporations, instead they should promote sustainable growth and development via their activities. In the meantime there is a practice by the TNCs to follow demoted environmental standards in the developing countries with comparison to the developed countries; and it is found with evidence that environmental practices are more responsible in developing countries than in local firms functioning in such countries. Nevertheless, critics emphasize that, as a result of having better resources they have better access to research and development, It is the responsibility of the TNCs to promote environmentally sustainable practices and they bare that responsibility. Some companies undergoing so much of pressure have started to follow more environmentally responsible policies. Example, a maligned polluter named Dow Chemical, had to establish one-and-a-half days each session with the environmentalists brief senior management quarterly. The salary of the manager was pegged to the goals of the environment, and a toxic release of 32 per cent between 1988 and 1991. Further some laudable environmental practices were also implemented by the IBM including rewards for the employees for technical innovations which helped to comply with the environmental standards. Finally 18 environmental awards were won by ATT since 1990. On the other hand, expect these three companies majority pillage to consume environmental resources from the countries that are developing and they consume these environmental resources in a destructive and unsuitable manner. practices which certainly hamper prospects for social development. Some of the companies that involves in issues related to the environment are General Electric and DuPont, for example, Dupont was responsible for toxic chemical releases in 254 million pounds during the period of 1991 in the United States , and this has led to minimize such practices that destroys environment. e.g. In December 1984, one of the worlds worst industrial disasters occurred in a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India. Poisonous gas leaked from a negligently maintained chemical factory killing 3,000 and injuring over 200,000. See Reinhold (1985), Lueck (1985) and Everest (1985). An Exxon ship called the Valdez crashed off the coast of Alaska, spilling thousands of gallons of oil into the ocean and killing large amounts of marine life. The company untruthfully maintained that the oil spill had caused only minor damage and that the oil spill had been satisfactorily neutralized (de George, op. cit., p. 5). Conclusion -s-cool.co.uk. (). Geography GCSE: Industry. Newly industrialised countries: South Korea. (), . http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/industry/industry-in-the-developing-world.html

Hypocritical Christianity Exposed in Bernard Shaws Major Barbara Essay

Hypocritical Christianity Exposed in Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara Bernard Shaw reveals in his plays a type of religious standard that is not unlike Christianity but with what most people see as a stereotypical view of hypocritical Christianity. Shaw's concept of Crosstianity , as he calls it, shows a religion in which the church preaches what the rich and powerful tell it, scoundrels are treated as equals, and punishment is concerned with prosecution rather than salvation. "Poetic justice" rules judicial retribution rather than redemption. Everyone is inherently the same. The scene in Major Barbara in which Bill Walker is dealt with for his attack on the shelter is revealing about the concepts of Crosstianity. Walker expects that he should be punished equally to his crime and even desires this to relieve his guilt. If Barbara had allowed him to pay for his abuse of Jenny and the old woman monetarily or physically, that would have been Crosstianity. He would have released his guilt and gone on his way without any real change in his moral character. However, Barbara does not ...

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

The purpose of affirmative action is to ensure equal opportunity for minorities. But it has strayed from its original intent and has become largely a program to achieve not equal opportunity but equal results. It is a system of quotas forced upon American businesses and working class by the federal government. A law which forces people to look at race before looking at the individual cannot promote equal opportunity. Affirmative action continues the judgement of minorities by race; it causes reverse discrimination, and contradicts its purpose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is not creating a colorblind society. In fact it continues the judgement of minorities according to race. Affirmative action forces employers and colleges to lower the standard for minorities. It also is demeaning to minorities who want to be judged by their actions, not their skin color.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When companies are hiring or promoting, or when a college decides which applicants to accept, many are unable to judge by merit alone. They are required by law to make race a deciding factor in their decisions in order to meet the mandated quotas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is also demeaning to most minorities. It makes them feel as though the government views them as having less ability than others. It also forces minorities to be compared to their own race instead of the overall population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason why affirmat...

Kids Dropping Out of School to Work

Abstract Teenagers all around the world have found it extremely difficult to stay in school for various reasons. It's clear that if you don't get the proper education then you won't be able to do anything good in your life. It's very difficult to obtain a Job due to the demands for work; most Jobs require you to have a high school diploma or GEED equivalent. Other Job that doesn't require having the education, which is encourages children to drop out of school under the impression they are never going to have get a proper education.The ignorance of today's society believing they are going to become the next Snooty dumb as a doorknob with no education. Unfortunately young people who fail to earn a high school diploma face a hard dilemma later on in life than those who graduate with a high school diploma. For those who drop out are more likely to be unemployed, have poor health, live in poverty, and become dependent on public assistance or never live up to their own dreams of success. Young adolescence tend not to realize that school can actually take you far, and can open many opportunities to a good career.In this economy it as been difficult the last couple of years, people who have good paying Jobs are getting fired. Dropping out of school is Just going to hurt you in the future no employer can guarantee you a good paying Job forever. Nationwide, about seven thousand students drop out every school day. By dropping out, these individuals diminish their chances to secure a good Job and a promising future. Overall, far too many students are not graduating on time with a regular diploma; low-income and students of color fare the worst in the dropout epidemic high school dropouts in America.Each year, approximately 1. Million students fail to graduate from high school; more than half are students of African descent. The graduation rate among students back is as much as twenty-five percentage points below their white peer's high School Dropouts in America. A studen t within the age range of sixteen to twenty- four years old who comes from the lowest family income is about seven times more likely to have dropped out of high school than his/her counterpart who comes from the highest income.National Graduation Rate for Class of 2007 was seventy seven percent white, fifty four percent African American, fifty six percent Hispanic, eighty nee percent Asian American. In 1970, the US has the world's highest rate of high school and college graduation according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Every twenty nine seconds, another student gives up on school, more than one million American dropouts a year- or seven thousand every likely to drop out of school than are children from middle-income families, and 10. Times more likely than students from high-income families (Background on High School Dropouts). Students who have disabilities are also more likely to drop out. The National Transition Study estimates that as many as 36. 4% of disabled youth drop out of school before completing a diploma or certificate (Background on High School Dropouts). Eighty two percent of all Jail inmates are recorded as high school drop outs. The students who do drop out and have children at a young age are also likely to be on welfare.Women who have children at young ages and drop out of high school have a higher rate of going on public assistance, rather graduating high school. The government provides public assistance to high school drop outs that do not go to college. Africans American and Hispanics are at greater risk of dropping out than whites, while Asian Americans and white students are lease likely to drop out of school. Most parent's want what is best for their child, and do whatever they can to help them stay in school.It's understandably that when you have a kid while in high school you have to stop thinking about yourself and become a parent and think about your kid. But when kids are dropping out of school to be a part of a gang, or because school doesn't interest them then that's where the bigger issues begin. Some parent's even encourage their kids to leave school so they can help out around the house, which seems selfish because they are the ones who choose to have kids.

GSM Based Portabel Vehicle Security System

This project is made for the purpose of vehicle security. Project is based on the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).This project is designed for the immobilizing of the vehicle by GSM mobile phone. The project consists of a circuitry with Microcontroller AT89c51 (MCU) and GSM modem in a vehicle and a GSM handset for Owner. The circuitry is constructed on the base of MCU which is assembled with Max-232 for the interface between MCU and GSM modem. Max-232 is a level converter used for the interface between the TTL and non TTL devices.Max-232 act as a bridge between the MCU and the GSM modem. Relays are used for the activating and deactivating the alarm and the locking system of the vehicle doors. A serial communication link is developed between the MCU and GSM modem. A connection from the starter of the vehicle is connected to an input interrupt pin of the MCU. When there comes a security breach (i.e. Someone tries to start the car) a signal is sent to the MCU telling that someone is stealing the vehicle. If there comes such a situation, then through an intelligent program (running in the MCU) a message through GSM modem is sent to the Owner asking for the vehicle control or activation of the alarm. If answer is negative then after receiving the message, MCU will automatically turn on the alarm and will lock all the doors of the vehicle. If Owner allows, then vehicle can start. Today science and technology has so much emerged in our daily life that we are Incomplete without its advent. The modes of communication are also changing as the technology develops. From a land line telephone to GSM wireless technology and then the Intranet. Today GSM technology other then communication can be implemented in other security task as well. Due to technology the remote control access has moderate the common person life very much that today we demand every event on our finger tips reach. As the present decade has seen the large development of cellular mobile technology. It has become an essential part of every one life. And if we use the same GSM technology for our around world security? Yeah today using GSM feature we can secure our far around object just clicking your mobile. Over the past decade, real-time tracking and management of vehicles has been a field of mounting interest. Now it has developed into a powerful and marketable package due to its low-cost and varying facilities such as Anti-theft system and Client identification. The importance of this module can be understood more clearly by this example. i.e., A business man sitting in a meeting listen the buzzer sound of the vehicle, till to any action the vehicle would been stolen. May be the vehicle is out of sight. So in this case may be the alarmed not been in a reach to be listen by the owner. But if owner of a expensive vehicle has a GSM vehicle system installed. Then before any one try to open the door, a message will come first time informing him about the security threaten. But if some one be able to access the vehicle ignition switch (starter) and when he pushes the key, the second time interrupt will be generated and a message will be sent to the owner, informing about the permission of vehicle start. If the owner enter a Master code key, and then press ‘Y’(FOR YES), the vehicle will start. But in a case of ‘No’ reply the system will permanently immobilize the vehicle. And in addition alarm will be buzzed, and automatically the door will be locked. The outstanding feature is that if due to any reason message can’t be delivered at the right time, the module will count for a pre-defined time, if during this time there is no response from the other node; the system will halt the process and again reinitializes the task.These are the all features we implement in our project module.Previously short radio security system was implemented with a detection device, This was not with upward features and has some drawbacks? As mobile technology is at its development edge, GSM is our core communication engine owing to which the position of the vehicle is notified to the client as well as our base station. This project provides enhanced security as whenever any security bench (interruption) occurs, a text message (SMS) will be sent to the desired number in order to take necessary measures. The information sent and received is done by using short messaging which makes this system further cost-efficient. This security system is more secure then the previous one with extra features as: The earlier system range was limited but with mobile long distance security is possible. So in this way if a thief manage to open the door through a master key, the system will count on trying to start engine after sending message to the owner Also permanent immobilization of engine on â€Å"NO† message from owner. The system will also close the lens and lock the doors of a vehicle. As well as giving alarm to show that vehicle has threaten from thief. Another feature is that any time we can change the identification code Manually whenever we want to change it. This GSM based vehicle security system has been implemented in first world countries as well as in Europe. But this technology has not been so common in third word countries and Pakistan. The available module in market is imported from outside world which is very costly and also not in a common use and access. Our project based on GSM has been designed simply by using easily available component, and simple design. Also its advantage is that it is very cheaper, and their fore it can be very affectively launched in market as a productive product.